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The Supreme Law of India The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world. It establishes the framework for governance, defines fundamental political principles, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and duties of citizens. ✓ The Living Document The Constitution of India is not just a legal document but a living framework that evolves through amendments, judicial interpretations, and changing social needs. It balances individual rights with state power, federalism with national unity, and tradition with progress. Ultimate Power: The Constitution is the supreme l...

1-12 The Schedules of India The Detailed Appendices of the Constitution While the 395 Articles provide the legal framework, the 12 Schedules act as data tables and lists that provide specific details—ranging from the names of states to the languages of the Union and anti-defection laws. First Schedule States & Union Territories Lists the names of all States and Union Territories along with their territorial jurisdictions and boundaries. Articles 1 and 4 Second Schedule Salaries & Emoluments Provisions relating to the salaries, allowances, and privileges of the President, Governors, Speakers, Judges, and the CAG. High Constitutional Offices ...

XXII Part XXII: Short Title, Commencement, etc. The concluding part of the Constitution provides the formal identity of the document. It specifies when the Constitution came into effect, ensures its availability in the Hindi language, and formally repeals the British-era statutes that governed India prior to independence. The Final Provisions (Articles 393–395) 393 Short Title This article provides the official name of the document: "This Constitution may be called the Constitution of India." While seemingly simple, this officially established India's status as a distinct, unified constitutional entity. 394 Commencement This article handles the "rollout" of the Constitution in two phases: Nov 26, 1949: Immediate enforce...

XXI Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions Deals with provisions that were intended to be temporary or transitional during India's shift to a Republic, as well as special provisions for certain states to meet their unique historical, cultural, or developmental needs. This part is the foundation of "Asymmetrical Federalism" in India. Special Status and Transitional Framework 370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir Originally provided a special autonomous status to J&K, limiting Parliament's power to make laws for the state to only specific subjects (Defense, Foreign Affairs, Communications). Current Status: Operative provisions were effectively abrogated by the President in August 2019 via the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019. 3...

XX Part XX: Amendment of the Constitution Contains the single but supremely important Article 368, which provides the procedure for amending the Constitution of India. This article establishes India's unique "flexible yet rigid" amendment process, balancing the need for constitutional evolution with the protection of its basic structure. The amendment process reflects India's middle path between a completely flexible constitution (like Britain) and an extremely rigid one (like the United States). Article 368: Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor 368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor (1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may in exercise of its constituent power amend by way of addition, va...