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Lakulisa-Pasupata and Kalamukha in Telangana

Lakulisa (1st/2nd Century A.D.) is regarded as the founder of the Pasupata school and an incarnation of Siva. By the medieval period, the Kalamukha (also Karukagiddhantin or Kathaka-siddhantin) emerged as a primary school of Saivism in Telangana, following the lineage of Lakulisa's disciple, Kaurushya . The Four Major Saivite Sects Pasupata The root sect established by Lakulisa. Known for ascetic practices like smearing ash and meditation to end worldly misery. Kalamukha Institutional branch focused on monastic learning (mathas). Linked to Kaurushya, a pupil of Lakulisa. Experts in logic and Vedic study. Kapalika An esoteric ascetic group focusing on the Bhairava form of Siva. Known for "Mahavrata" (Great Vow) practices, including carrying a human skull (kapala) as a symbolic ritual vessel. Saiva Siddhanta The moderate, Agamic school. Focuses on temple ritual and th...
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Yapaniya Sangha in Telangana

The Yapaniya Sangha was a prominent Jaina monastic order active in the Telangana region, particularly within the Medak District, during the 10th and 11th centuries. This sect was organized into specific divisions, such as the Maduva-gana (Madhuvagana) and the Yapaniya gachcha of Medak. Key Inscriptional Evidence Betolu Inscription (A.D. 987) Found on the Jinjarakonda hill, this record mentions a gift of land to the teacher Somanabhatta of the Mulasangha, Yapaniya gachcha of Medak. Sirur Inscription (11th Century) During the reign of Somesvara I, Mahasamantadhipati Aggalarasa made an endowment to Dharmasagara Siddhanta Deva for the daily offerings of Bahubali and feeding mendicants. Singur Inscription (A.D. 1074) From the reign of Somesvara II, the physician Aggalarasa (Vaidyasikhamani) granted land to Dharmasagara-Siddhanta Deva for a dana-sala (charity house). The "Middle Way": Comparing Jaina Sects The Yapa...

Kandur Chodas

The Kanduri Chodas ( c. 1040 CE - c.1290 CE ) were a significant Telugu-speaking dynasty. While founded in the mid-11th century, their period of rule over the expansive realm of Kandurunadu (1100 villages) lasted from 1076 CE to 1224 CE. They presented themselves as descendants of the legendary Chola king Karikala. Their strategically located kingdom straddled south banks of the Krishna River, south of the Kakatiya territory. Eruvanadu was part of the southern bank of the Krishna River, in the region historically known as Eruva. They served as feudatories to larger empires, primarily the Western Chalukyas of Kalyana and later the Kakatiyas, while often asserting their autonomy. Their period of sovereign rule over Kandurunadu effectively ended in 1224 CE when the Kakatiya emperor Ganapatideva formally transferred its governance to his loyal general, Gona Ganapayya. While the last Kanduri Choda kings continued to issue inscriptions as local figureheads from their residual lands until aro...

Kolanupaka (Kollipaka) History and Significance

Kolanupaka, also known as Kollipaka, Bimbavatipuram, Kottiyapaka, Kollihaka, Kollipaka, Kolanpak, and Kollipakanadu, is located in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district . Kollipaka served as an important administrative and military center under the Rashtrakutas (753 AD – 982 AD) and the Kalyani Chalukyas (973 AD – 1163 AD). The Rashtrakutas had their main capital at Manyakheta (Malkhed) , while the Western Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani (Basavakalyan) . Kollipaka functioned as a regional center governed by Mahamandalesvaras and feudatories. 753 - 973 CE : Rashtrakuta Period Panara  (Panuravadi)   Ratta Chiefs General Panara 846 - 888 CE : Sankaraganda I  administered areas including Jaffarghad, Warangal. 25th September, 846 AD: Land grants at Mallikarjuna Palli, Medak. 888 AD: Jain inscription at Mettugutta hillock, Kazipet. Many ruined Jain temples, shrines, and sculptures exist in Warangal, Hanmakonda, Kazipet, and Madikonda, reflecting the influence of Jainism. T...