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Telangana Kendriya Vidyalayas

The Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan or 'Central School Organisation'(as previously known), oversees the functioning of the schools with its headquarters in New Delhi. The administration of this body is based on three levels. The chairman of Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan is always the Minister in Charge of the Ministry of Education of the Government of India; the deputy chairman is the Minister of State of the Ministry of Education. The real working power lies with the Commissioner of KVS.

The foundation of KVS was laid on December 15, 1963, with the establishment of the first Kendriya Vidyalaya in Delhi. It is a non-profit organisation. Its schools are all affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). Its objective is to educate children of the Indian Defence Services personnel who are often posted to remote locations. With the army starting its own Army Public Schools, the service was extended but not restricted to all central government employees.

KVS is one of the world's largest school chains, with 1,249 schools in India and three abroad.

The motto of the KVS is to lead one from darkness to light. This is our guideline. We believe that education leads to self realization.

Vision : KVS believes in imparting knowledge/values and nurturing the talent, enthusiasm and creativity of its students for seeking excellence through high-quality educational endeavours.

AdmissionAdmissions in Kendriya Vidyalayas are not restricted to Central Govt. employees and are open to all, only certain priorities have been laid down for different categories to regulate the admissions.
40 students per class per section is the approved strength in KVS.
10 seats (out of 40 seats) in class I per section are to be filled as per RTE provisions(25% seats) and these seats will be filled by draw of lots from all applications of SC/ST/EWS/BPL/OBC who are the resident of Neighborhood/ Differently able taken together.
03 % (Three) horizontally reservation is given to handicapped candidates for admission in KVS.
Grasde 1 : A child must be 6 years old as on 31st March in the academic year in which admission is sought for Class 1. (Child born on 1st April should also be considered)
For Grades 2 to 9 :- The age limit for admission to these classes is based on the age of the child as of March 31 of the year of admission. The minimum age for this category is 6 years and the maximum age is 15 years.
For Class 11 :- The eligibility age for admission to Class 11 is based on the age of the child as on 31st March in the year of admission. The age limit for Class 11 is 15 years and the minimum age is 17 years.
The following priorities shall be followed in granting admissions
Kendriya Vidyalayas Under Civil/defence Sector
Children of transferable and non-transferable Central government employees and children of ex-servicemen. This will also include children of Foreign National officials who come on deputation or transfer to India on invitation by Govt. of India.
Children of transferable and non-transferable employees of Autonomous Bodies/Public Sector Undertaking/Institute of Higher Learning of the Government of India.
Children of transferable and non-transferable State Government employees.
Children of transferable and non-transferable employees of Autonomous Bodies/Public Sector Undertakings/Institute of Higher Learning of the State Governments.
Children from any other category including the children of Foreign Nationals who are located in India due to their work or for any personal reasons. The children of Foreign National would be considered only in case there are no Children of Indian Nationals wait-listed for admission.
Note (1-5): Preference in Admission to wards will be based on the number of transfers of the parents in the last 7 years.KENDRIYA VIDYALAYAS UNDER PUBLIC SECTOR UNDERTAKINGS/INSTITUTES OF HIGHER LEARNING SECTOR:
Children and grandchildren of employees of the Project Sector/Institutes of Higher Learning which are the sponsors of the Vidyalaya , Children of Project employees & Post Graduate students who are working on long term research projects, Children of regular Council of Wardens(COW) employees and children and grandchildren of retired employees.
Note (1): Preference in Admission will be given to children of serving employees, grand children of serving employees and children and grandchildren of retired employees in that order.Children of transferable and non-transferable Central government employees and children of ex-servicemen. This will also include children of Foreign National officials who come on deputation or transfer to India on invitation by Govt. of India.
Children of transferable and non-transferable employees of Autonomous Bodies/Public Sector Undertaking/Institute of Higher Learning of the Government of India.
Children of transferable and non-transferable State Government employees.
Children of transferable and non-transferable employees of Autonomous Bodies/Public Sector Undertakings/Institute of Higher Learning of the State Governments.
Children from any other category including the children of Foreign Nationals who are located in India due to their work or for any personal reasons. The children of Foreign National would be considered only in case there are no Children of Indian Nationals wait-listed for admission.
Steps for School AdmissionFill in the KV admission form on the KV official website, kvsangathan.nic.in or kvsonlineadmission.kvs.gov.in.
Check the KVS admission list.
Submit documents to respective KVs (if selected).
Pay the fees and start studying.
Fee Structure
Admission Fee 25.00
Re Admission Fee 100.00
Tuition Fee (per month) Class IX & X (Boy) 200.00
Class XI & XII Commerce & Humanities(Boy) 300.00
Class XI & XII Science (Boy) 400.00
Computer Fund Class III on wards 100.00
Computer Science Fee.(for elective subjects in class XI & XII) 150.00
VidyalayaVikasNidhi from classes I – XII (per month) 500.00

ID

School Name

Email Address

Email Address

Phone No

Website

1

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GHATKESAR NUCLEAR FUEL COMPLEX.

K V NFC NAGAR GHATKESAR, DISTT MEDCHAL, TELANGANA-501301

ppl.ghatkesarnfc@kvs.gov.in

8281976805,

https://ghatkesarnfc.kvs.ac.in

2

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBAWLI

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI,GPRA CAMPUS ,GACHIBOWLI -500032

ppl.gachibowli@kvs.gov.in

040-23000261,

https://gachibawli.kvs.ac.in

3

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA (AFS) BEGUMPET

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, AFS, BEGUMPET, NEW BOWENPALLY POST, BALANAGAR ROAD,HYDERABAD-500 011, TELANGANA STATE.

ppl.begumpetafs@kvs.gov.in

04027751560,

https://begumpetafs.kvs.ac.in

4

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA CRPF GC BARKAS

KV CRPF BARKAS HYDERABAD,OPP.CRPF CAMPUS ,SRISAILAM ROAD ,KESHOGIRI ROAD.

ppl.hyderabadcrpf@kvs.gov.in

040-24440338,

https://hyderabadcrpf.kvs.ac.in

5

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA (AFA) NO.I DUNDIGAL

KV, NO.1, AIR FORCE ACADEMY, DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD-500043

ppl.dundigalno1@kvs.gov.in

04029809715,

https://no1dundigal.kvs.ac.in

6

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA No II DUNDIGAL

AIR FORCE ACADEMY, DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD - 500043.

ppl.dundigalno2@kvs.gov.in

08418-254229,

https://no2dundigal.kvs.ac.in

7

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA No I GOLCONDA

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, NO.1 GOLCONDA, LANGER HOUSE, HYDERABAD - 500 008

ppl.golcondano1@kvs.gov.in

040-23513701,

https://no1golconda.kvs.ac.in

8

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.II GOLCONDA

KV NO.2 GOLCONDA, NANAL NAGAR X ROAD, MEHDIPATNAM, HYDERABAD. 500008

ppl.golcondano2@kvs.gov.in

040-23566628, 040-23566016,

https://no2golconda.kvs.ac.in

9

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA (DRDO)KANCHAN BAGH

KV KANCHANBAGH, DRDO TOWNSHIP,NEAR MIDHANI DEPOT, HYDERABAD-500058

ppl.drdokanchanbagh@kvs.gov.in

04024340232,

https://drdokanchanbagh.kvs.ac.in

10

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA (NPA) SVP

KV SVP NPA SHIVARAMPALLY HYDERABAD 500052

ppl.hyderabadnpasvp@kvs.gov.in

04024015535,9989440924,

https://npasvp.kvs.ac.in

11

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA (SOI) NO.I UPPAL

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1 UPPAL NEAR UPPAL CROSS ROADS HYDERABAD 500039

ppl.uppalno1@kvs.gov.in

040-27200314,

https://no1uppal.kvs.ac.in

12

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA UPPAL NO.II(SOI)

"KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, NO. 2 SURVEY OF INDIA, UPPAL.P.O HYDERABAD, RANGAREDDY (DIST), TELANGANA PIN 500 039"

ppl.uppalno2@kvs.gov.in

040-27200027,

https://no2uppal.kvs.ac.in

13

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SECUNDERABAD. BOLARUM

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, ALLENBY LINES, J J NAGAR P.O. BOLARUM SECUNDERABAD 500087

ppl.bolarum@kvs.gov.in

040-29803596,

https://bolarum.kvs.ac.in

14

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SECUNDERABAD. BOWENPALLY

PRINCIPAL, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, PENSION LINE, BOWENPALLY, SECUNDERABAD-500 011.

ppl.bowenpally@kvs.gov.in

040-29550076, 040-29550042,

https://bowenpally.kvs.ac.in

15

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA(AFS) HAKIMPET SECUNDERABAD

AIR FORCE STATION HAKIMPET,SECUNDERABAD-500014 TELANGANA STATE

ppl.fshakimpet@kvs.gov.in

040-27870770,040-29803597,

https://hakimpet.kvs.ac.in

16

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA PICKET SECUNDERABAD

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA PICKET, OPP SECUNDERABAD CLUB, PICKET, SECUNDERABAD

ppl.picket@kvs.gov.in

040 -29804096,

https://picket.kvs.ac.in

17

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA TRIMULGHERY SECUNDERABAD

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA TRIMULGHERY, TRIMULGHERRY, SECUNDERABAD- 500015

ppl.trimulghery@kvs.gov.in

040-29805230,

https://trimulghery.kvs.ac.in

18

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA (OF) MEDAK

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA O F MEDAK EDDUMAILARAM ORDNANCE FACTORY SANGAREDDY DISTRICT TELANGANA PIN CODE:502205

ppl.medakof@kvs.gov.in

08455238255,

https://medakof.kvs.ac.in

19

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA (NTPC) RAMAGUNDAM

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA , PTS NTPC JYOTHINAGAR RAMAGUNDAM, DISTT- PEDDAPALLI, TELANGANA-505215

ppl.ramagundamno2@kvs.gov.in

08728295765,

https://ramagundamntpc.kvs.ac.in

20

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA ADILABAD

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, NIRMITHI KENDRA, OLD D.M, HOUSE, ADILABAD- 504001.

ppl.adilabad@kvs.gov.in

08732-297010,

https://adilabad.kvs.ac.in

21

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA KHAMMAM

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, POLEPALLI VILLAGE, OPPOSITE KARUNAGIRI CHURCH, KHAMMAM, PIN-507003.

ppl.khammam@kvs.gov.in

08742-298088,

https://khammam.kvs.ac.in

22

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA WARANGAL

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA WARANGAL, NEAR RAJIV GRUHA KALPA, KADIPIKONDA, WARANGAL. PIN: 506003

ppl.warrangal@kvs.gov.in

7382986432,

https://warangal.kvs.ac.in

23

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MAHABUBNAGAR

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MAHABUBNAGAR, YENUGONDA, NEAR CHAITANYA CENTRAL SCHOOL,MAHABUBNAGAR 50901

ppl.mahabubnagar@kvs.gov.in

9652807273,

https://mahabubnagar.kvs.ac.in

24

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA KARIM NAGAR

OPP: ENAADU OFFICE, LMD ALUGUNOOR, KARIMNAGAR 505527

ppl.karimnagar@kvs.gov.in

0878-2223031,

https://karimnagar.kvs.ac.in

25

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA HYDERABAD (CU)

Kendriya Vidyalaya University of Hyderabad Campus ,Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500046

ppl.hyderabadcu@kvs.gov.in

04023012200,23012244,

https://hyderabadcu.kvs.ac.in/

26

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MAHABUBABAD

KV MAHABUBABAD, SC GIRLS B HOSTEL, NANDAMURI NAGAR COLONY, MAHABUBABAD - 506101

ppl.mahbubabad@kvs.gov.in

08719241999,

https://mahabubabad.kvs.ac.in

27

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SIRCILLA

"C/O MPP PUBLIC SCHOOL SUBHASH NAGAR SIRCILLA TELANGANA 505301"

ppl.siricila@kvs.gov.in

8723297244,

https://sircilla.kvs.ac.in

28

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BODHAN TOWN

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BODHAN C/O MADHUMALANCHA DEGREE COLLEGE VILLAGE BELLAL SHAKKAR NAGAR POST MANDAL BODHAN DISTRICT NIZAMABAD STATE TELANGANA PIN CODE 503180

ppl.bodhantown@kvs.gov.in

8462295143,9485099995,9100825672,

https://bodhantown.kvs.ac.in

29

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA JHARASANGAM MEDAK

"KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA JHARASANGAM, MANDAL PARISHAD PRIMARY SCHOOL BUILDING, BESIDE PANCHAYAT OFFICE, SANGAREDDY DISTRICT, STATE TELANGANA PIN: 502246"

ppl.jharasangam@kvs.gov.in

08451-288301,

https://jharasangam.kvs.ac.in

30

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MANCHERIAL

BELLAMAPALLY CHOWRASTHA,VILLAGE & MANDAL :MANCHERIAL DIST:MANCHERIAL-504208

ppl.mancherial@kvs.gov.in

08736-252585,

https://mancherial.kvs.ac.in

31

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA BHONGIR

KV BHONGIR C/O ALN REDDY MEMORIAL GOVT. GIRLS JR. COLLEGE BANJARA HILLS BHONGIR TELANGANA 508116

ppl.bhongir@kvs.gov.in

08685-244400,

https://bhongir.kvs.ac.in

32

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NIZAMABAD

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, DIET COLLEGE PREMISES, CHAKRADHAR NAGAR, NIZAMABAD 503003

ppl.nizamabad@kvs.gov.in

-9491256514,

https://nizamabad.kvs.ac.in

33

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SIDDIPET

FIRST FLOOR, ELLENKI ENGINEERING COLLEGE CAMPUS, NEAR RURAL POLICE STATION, SIDDIPET, DISTRICT :- SIDDIPET (T.S) PIN - 502 107

ppl.siddipet@kvs.gov.in

9000347806,

https://siddipet.kvs.ac.in

34

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NALGONDA

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NALGONDA, BESIDE YSR PARK, RAMNAGAR, NALGONDA,TELANGANA,PIN-508001

ppl.nalgonda@kvs.gov.in

08682-230123,

https://nalgonda.kvs.ac.in

35

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MIRYALAGUDA

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA MIRYALAGUDA, OPP.NSP CAMP GROUNDS, MIRYALAGUDA TOWN, NALGONDA DISTRICT, TELANGANA STATE-508207

ppl.miryalguda@kvs.gov.in

08689-295859,

https://miryalaguda.kvs.ac.in

MissionTo cater to the educational needs of children of transferable Central Government including Defence and Para-military personnel by providing a common programme of education; To pursue excellence and set the pace in the field of school education;
To initiate and promote experimentation and innovations in education in collaboration with other bodies like Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) etc.
To develop the spirit of national integration and create a sense of "Indianness" among children.
To Provide, establish, endow, maintain, control & manage schools, hereinafter called the 'Kendriya Vidyalaya' for the children of transaferable employees of the Government of India, floating populations & others including those living in remote & undeveloped locations of the country & to do all acts & things necessary for the conducive to the promotions of such schools.
Salient Features Common text-books and bilingual medium of instructions for all Kendriya Vidyalayas.
All Kendriya Vidyalayas are affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education.
All Kendriya Vidyalayas are co-educational, composite schools.
Sanskrit is taught from class VI - VIII.
The quality of teaching is kept reasonably high by an appropriate teacher-pupil ratio.
No tuition fee for boysupto Class VIII, girls upto Class XII and SC/ST students and children of KVS employees.

http://kvsangathan.nic.in/

Telangana Navodaya Schools

Telangana Navodaya Schools are part of Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti an Autonomous Body Under Ministry of Education, Government Of India with head quarters at B-15, Institutional Area, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201307.

The JNV system was founded in 1986 by then Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and brain child of the then Human Resources Minister, P. V. Narasimha Rao. The system provides free residential education for grades six to twelve to rural populations and affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).

Vision : To provide good quality modern education-including a strong component of culture, inculcation of values, awareness of the environment, adventure activities and physical education- to the talented children predominantly from the rural areas without regard to their family's socio-economic conditions

As per the policy of the Government, one Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya is to be established in each district.

The first Navodaya Vidyalayas were established in 1985-86 in Amravati (Maharashtra) and Jajjar (Haryana).

List of Schools in Telangana

JNV Nalgonda established in 22nd December, 1986 at Chalakurthy, District Nalgonda, Telangana State PIN -508202, Phone: 08680-275430 Email : jnvnalgonda@gmail.com
JNV Karimnagar inaugurated on the 31st of December 1986 at Choppadandi, District Karimnagar, Telangana PIN -505415. Phone : 0878-2281476, Email: nvknr@gmail.com.
JNV Kamareddy Nizamabad established in 1986 at Nizamsagr Mandal, Nizamabad Dist.,Telangana - 503 302
JNV Khammam established in 1987 at Palair Village, Kusumanchi Mandal, Khammam District, Telangana - 507157, Phone : 9246469246, Email : jnvkhammam1@gmail.com
JNV Kumaram Bheem Asifabad established 1987 - 88 at Trishul Pahad, Sirpur Kagaznagar, Dist.Kumuram Bheem Asifabad, Telangana, India PINCODE-504296. Phone : 9441264035, Email : jnvkumurambheem1987@gmail.com
JNV Rangareddy established 1987 - 88 at Gachibowli, HCU Campus, Near Gopanpalli Village, Serilingampalli, Ranga Reddy - 500046, Telangana, India, Email : jnvrangareddy@gmail.com, Phone : 040-29700558, 040-29700559
JNV Siddipet established in 1987 at Wargal Village and Mandal, Pamulaparthy post, District Siddipet, Telangana state, INDIA PIN - 502279, Email : jnvmedak@gmail.com
JNV Warangal established in 1992 at Mamnoor, District Warangal, Telangana, INDIA PIN – 506166, Phone :+91-0870-2556373 , Email : jnvmwarangal@gmail.com
JNV Nagarkurnool established in 1994 at Vattem, District Nagarkurnool, Telangana PIN -509 203, Email: jnvnagarkurnool@gmail.com
JNV Jagtial
JNV Nizamabad
JNV Bhadradri-Kothagudem
JNV Medchal-Malkajgiri
JNV Mahbubnagar
JNV Sangareddy
JNV Suryapet

Dec 7, 2024 : Telangana secures 7 new Navodaya Vidyalayas in Jagtial, Nizamabad, Bhadradri-Kothagudem, Medchal-Malkajgiri, Mahbubnagar, Sangareddy, and Suryapet districts.

Enrollment Policy
Admission in Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya is made on the basis of a Selection Test, designed and conducted by the CBSE for all 6th, 9th and 11th class students.

Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Selection Test (JNVST) conducted in Telangana in Hindi, English, Telugu, Kannada, Marati, Urdu languages

It is of non-verbal nature, class-neutral and designed so as to ensure that talented children from rural areas are able to compete without facing any disadvantage. Special care is taken to ensure that children from far flung areas get admission forms free of cost, without any difficulty.

Every JNV offers around 80 seats for the students to get admission in

Eligibility Conditions

Only the bonafide resident candidates from the district concerned where the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya has been located are eligible to apply for admission.
No candidate is eligible to appear in the selection test for the second time, under any circumstances
At least 75% of the seats in a district will be filled by candidates provisionally selected from rural areas of the district. The remaining seats are open which will be filled on merit from both Urban and Rural Area candidates of the district as per reservation criteria.
A candidate who has studied in a school located in an urban area even for a single day of session in Class-III, IV and V will be considered as an urban candidate.
Minimum One third of the total seats are filled by girls. In order to ensure 1/3rd selection of girls, girls may be preferred than boys as per NVS selection criteria, wherever necessary.
SC/ST Reservation of seats is provided in proportion to their population in the district concerned provided that in no district, such reservation will be less than the national average (15% for SC and 7.5% for ST) but subject to maximum of 50% for both the categories (SC & ST) taken together.
OBC reservation is 27% as per central list over and above reservation of SCs and STs.
There is a provision for reservation for Divyang children (i.e. Orthopedically Handicapped, Hearing Impaired and Visually Handicapped) as per GOI norms.

Class VI

A candidate seeking admission for Class VI must be within the age group of 10 to 12 years
The candidate who has not been promoted and admitted to class V before 31st July of the session in which he/she is applying for selection test is not eligible to apply.
The candidate who has already passed/studied class V in all previous academic sessions is not eligible to appear in the selection test.
A candidate seeking admission to class VI must have studied and passed classes III, IV and V from a Govt. /Govt. aided/ recognized school spending one full academic session in each class.

Class IX

A candidate seeking admission must be between the age group 13-15 years on 1st May of the year of admission for which the Selection Test is conducted.

Class XI

For 2024 Date of Birth of the candidate is to be between 1st June 2006 to 31st July 2008 (both days inclusive).

Objectives of Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti

To establish, endow, maintain, control, and manage schools (hereinafter called the 'Navodaya Vidyalaya') and to do all acts and things necessary for or conducive to the promotion of such schools which will have the following objectives:

To provide good quality modern education-including a strong component of culture inculcation of values, awareness of the environment, adventure activities and physical education- to the talented children predominantly from the rural areas without regard to their family's socio-economic condition.
To provide facilities, at a suitable stage, for instruction through a common medium, viz., Hindi and English, all over the country.
Offer a common core-curriculum to ensure comparability in standards and to facilitate and understand the common and composite heritage of our people.
To progressive bring students from one part of the country to another in each school to promote national integration and enrich the social content.
To serve as a focal point for improvement in quality of school education through training of teachers in live situations and sharing of experiences and facilities.
To establish, develop, maintain and manage hostels for the residence of students of Navodaya Vidyalayas.
To aid, establish and conduct other institutions as may be required for the furtherance of the Society's objects in any part of India.
To do all such things as may be considered necessary, incidental or conducive to the attainment of all or any of the objects of the society.

https://navodaya.gov.in/nvs/en/Home1

Lacquer or lac bangles of Hyderabad

Lacquer, or lac, bangles of Hyderabad are a traditional type of handcrafted bangle that originated in the city of Hyderabad, India. They are known for their vibrant colors, intricate designs, and use of lacquer, a natural resin from the lac insect.

In March 2024, the lac bangles of Hyderabad received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag. The GI tag is intended to help uphold quality standards and encourage innovation in design.

The process of making lac bangles involves melting the lac into a soft dough, fitting it onto a metal ring, and then pressing and rolling it into the shape of a bangle. Women then embellish the bangles with stones.

Lac bangles of Hyderabad date back to the era of the Qutb Shahis and the Nizams. Lac bangles are mainly found near Charminar at Laad Bazaar, an old market for bangles in Hyderabad known for their dazzling stonework.

Laad Bazaar is located in the heart of Hyderabad’s old city, which is spread around the iconic Charminar. It is always colourful and bustling with activity, particularly during Ramzan. Laad Bazaar was built by the Qutub Shahis, who founded the city of Hyderabad in the 1590s. A popular story credits the establishment of Laad Bazaar to Sultan Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah, who set it up to provide bridal trousseau for his daughter’s wedding. Even in modern times, the market continues to trade in a variety of items that are a part of the standard wedding trousseau, including bangles, bridal wear and jewellery.

The bangles sold at Laad Bazaar are manufactured locally. They are made in small karkhanas (workshops) tucked away in narrow lanes or attached to the rear of bangle shops. For my documentation work, I got in touch with Jaffarbhai, who works at Khaja’s Bangles Store, established by his grandfather in 1957. Since then, three generations of his family have been involved in the craft of bangle-making. It must be noted that many women and children are employed as manual labourers in this industry, particularly in the Talab Katta area around the Charminar. Because of this, karkhana owners are not always willing to allow outsiders in their premises. Though they were initially hesitant, Jaffarbhai eased up to my presence after my frequent visits, and gave me access to their karkhana. Here, I was able to witness, first-hand, the various techniques and skills involved in bangle-making, as well as the condition of the living spaces of the craftsmen working here.

Most karkhanas are integrated with the craftsmen’s residences, where they live with their extended family, many of whom also receive hands-on training from childhood. This is how the skills and knowledge are passed down through generations in the same family. The hardware and tools needed for the craft are relatively simple and are usually custom-made locally. The raw materials used in the production of bangles are sourced from outside the state. Thankfully, the demand of the bangles has grown over the years, particularly since the 1980s. There are currently around 4,000 craftsmen working in Laad Bazaar market. However, Hyderabad is not the only city which has a legacy of bangle-making in India. They are also produced in Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh, where the industry specialises in the making of glass bangles. Though glass bangles are also made in Hyderabad, the speciality of Laad Bazaar is bangles made of lacquer. In fact, it is believed that Laad Bazaar derives its name from ‘lac’, which is the local word for lacquer.

Lac is a resinous secretion produced by the Kerria lacca insect, and the raw material is sourced from the kusum tree on which the insects are farmed. The lac is purchased from dealers in its raw form and then processed, coloured and worked into various designs using a technique of slow heating. The bangles are then decorated with various glass and bead embellishments.

These finished bangles are then packaged and sold at the shops in Laad Bazaar, where customers can mix and match bangles according to their liking. Surplus bangles are exported to international markets in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Malaysia, and Middle Eastern countries such as the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain.

Other than organised wholesale markets like the one at Laad Bazaar, bangles are also sold through the unorganised sector, which is heavily dependent on business during the various melas that take place in Telangana during major Hindu festivals. One such important festival is Bonalu Jatara, which falls in the month of July/August. Mobile vendors and small-traders of bangles congregate at processions around various Hindu temples scattered in Hyderabad, Secunderabad and other regions in Telangana, which are attended by lakhs of people from across the state. On these occasions, women purchase new bangles from the fairs, not only for themselves, but also as offerings to the goddess Mahakali. The bangles are offered along with jaggery and specially cooked rice in an earthen pot adorned with neem leaves and turmeric. This offering is known as bhojanam, from which the festival Bonalu gets its name.

https://www.sahapedia.org/crafted-lac-and-glass-bangle-traditions-hyderabad

Tandur red gram

Tandur red gram is a variety of pigeon pea (Tur dal) that is grown in the Tandur region in Vikarabad district of Telangana, India has got geographical indication (GI) tag.

The Geographical Indication tag was granted in December 2022 to the Yalal Farmers Producers Company Ltd, which had applied for 'Tandur red gram' with the support of Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU). It is the first agricultural commodity in the state to get the GI tag.

The specialty of the Tandur red gram is that it "tastes better, cooks faster and has a longer shelf life of cooked dal" as it is grown in the fertile deep black soil of this region which has huge deposits of Attapulgite clay mineral along with huge limestone deposits.

Tandur red gram contains around 22–24% protein, which is almost three times the protein content of cereals.

Individual farmers and dal mill owners in Tandur will now have to register themselves as authorized users and begin branding Tandur red gram with the GI tag to secure better prices, as the tag is a guarantee of quality. Approximately 63,500 households in the area are currently engaged in Tandur Red Gram farming.

The perennial legume known as the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) belongs to the Leguminaceae family (Fabaceae). It also goes by the names pigeonpea, arhar, and tur. Since its introduction in India at least 3,500 years ago, its seeds have spread throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America and are now a staple food grain. It is mostly consumed on a huge scale in south Asia and is a significant source of protein for those living there.
Importance:

Red gram is a staple meal with high in protein.

It has a protein content of roughly 22%, which is nearly three times that of cereals.
A significant portion of the country's vegetarian population's protein needs is met by the red gram.
Due to the complementary nature of the necessary amino acids, when wheat or rice is coupled with red gram, the biological value increases significantly.
Lysine, riboflavin, thiamine, niacin, and iron are particularly abundant in them.

The major markets for this crop in Telangana are Badepalli, Devarakadra, Gadwal, Mahabubnagar, Narayanpet, Sadasivpet, Zaheerabad, Suryapet, Tandur and Warangal. The major markets in neighboring states are Kadiri, Narsaraopet, Tiruvuru, Kurnool, Yeminiganur and Ongole in Andhra Pradesh, Gulbarga, Sedam, Yadgiri, Bidar, Bijapur, Bellary and Bagalkote in Karnataka, and Akola, Latur, Jalgaon and Nagpur in Maharashtra.

In Telangana major redgram growing districts are Vikarabad 57660 ha (142480 acres), Sangareddy 33757 ha (83416 acres), Narayanpet 31177 ha (77040 acres), Adilabad 23051 ha (56961 acres) Asifabad 15107 lakh ha (37329 acres), Mahabubnagar 9044 ha (22348 acres) and Rangareddy 7137 ha (17635 acres). According to Telangana State Government 2nd advance estimates, redgram production in 2022-23 is at at 2.06 lakh tonnes from 2.28 lakh ha (5.63 lakh acres) with productivity of 903 Kg/ha (365 Kg/acre).

World major redgram producing countries are India (42.80 lakh tonnes), Malawi (4.24 lakh tonnes), Myanmar (3.39 lakh tonnes), Tanzania (1.36 lakh tonnes) and Haiti (1.23 lakh tonnes).

https://krishijagran.com/agriculture-world/telanganas-tandur-red-gram-receives-geographical-indication-gi-tag/

Puttapaka Telia Rumal

Puttapaka Telia Rumal meaning "Oily kerchief" is a double ikat textile from the village of Puttapaka, Narayanapur Mandal in the Nalgonda district of Telangana, India. Puttapaka is now on the global map after securing the coveted Geographical Indication tag in 2015.

The style developed in Chirala, on the coast of Andra Pradesh, with the earliest recorded pieces made in the 1800s, but spread further to the Nalgonda District due to high demand from Arabic markets. Presently, the village of Puttapaka, Nalgonda District is one of the few places still weaving the telia rumal. There, the Gajam family have been keeping the skill alive.

The more common single form of ikat is a process where the warp or weft yarn is resist-tied before being dyed and then woven. (‘Resist dying’ uses various methods — in this case, tied-off sections of yarn — to dye textiles with patterns.) Single ikat is found in many places around the world, but double ikat is more rare, requiring a high degree of work and precision found in only a few places, particularly in Japan, India and Bali.

Telia Rumal can be literally translated to mean ‘oiled/oily kerchief’. First to explain Telia – the word ‘Telia’ is derived from Til (sesame)/Tel (oil) since the yarn for the textile is treated with castor ash, sesame oil and sheep dung (yes!!) for longer colour retention. The entire method of processing the yarn takes about 21 days. The well-oiled threads help retain moisture.

The term ‘Rumal’ refers to a square kerchief or scarf. The oil in the scarf protects the skin from dryness when worn in the extreme desert climate of the Arabian lands. The same turban keeps the head warm in winters. The liberal use of oil makes the fabric soft and renders a distinct smell to the same. The men in the Middle-Eastern countries fashioned keffiyehs or turbans out of the Telia Rumal.

In India, it was used by the fishermen as a lungi (loin cloth) because the oily cloth repelled water. It was also believed that the red colour and the oily fragrance attracted the fish and the fishermen thus would never return without a catch. It was also used by Nizams and wealthy Zamindars of Telangana for turbans as a symbol of their power. This explains the power statement made by Sheikh Chand in Ankur by sporting the Telia Rumal.

Telia Rumal is a unique tie and dye technique that uses oil for the treatment of the yarn that helps it retain softness and has a distinct smell of gingelly oil. The earlier patterns used to be strictly geometric or vegetal patterns due to the preference of the patrons, but after 1930s the craftsmen started incorporating figurative elements like lions, elephants, birds, clocks and even aeroplanes, which required better weaving skills. It is no longer handkerchief-size pieces that connoisseurs can buy. The families involved in weaving now create saris, dupattas, dress materials and other made-to-order pieces with the same techniques and exotic patterns.

The Telia Rumal is essentially a double ikat weave. But, it is not just another double ikat weave. The elaborate treatment of the yarn prior to resist dyeing is what makes it special. Now, the question that arises in the minds of the unversed is – what is ikat? Ikat is a word of Indonesian origin which means bind. It is a technique by which the yarn is tied as per the patterns required and then dyed. This yarn is then woven. When only the warp or the weft is tied and dyed it is called single ikat; when both the warp and the weft are tied and dyed, based on the pattern that needs to be evolved after weaving, it is called double ikat. It goes without saying that weaving a double ikat involves more skill; it is a more labour intensive and time taking technique. Double ikat textiles are still prevalent -largely in India, Japan and Indonesia. The Telia Rumal however goes a step ahead in establishing its distinctiveness; apart from the fact that it is a double ikat, its uniqueness is hidden in its name.

Gajam Govardhana is an Indian master weaver, known for his work in Ikkat dyeing in the Telia Rumal tradition, and for his handloom creations. In 2011 the government of India honoured him with the fourth-highest civilian award, Padma Shri.

Govardhana was born 1 September 1949 in the small village of Putapakka in the Nalgonda district of the south Indian state of Telangana. He heads the Padmashali family, which keeps the Telia Rumal tradition alive, and employs 500 weavers in the state. He runs Murali Sari Emporium, a favoured shopping place for celebrities such as Sonia Gandhi, Shabana Azmi and Sheila Dikshit.

He has set up a small museum in Hyderabad to showcase the craft and the skill handed down over generations. The museum is in a warren of lanes in the Dilsukhnagar area of the city. The museum is a tribute to artisans who have steadfastly held on to their craft in the wake of destruction wrought by industrialisation, powerlooms and synthetic dves. The museum has weaves created by Govardhan and his family members over the years, a library of books that detail the fabric traditions of India, clothes woven using similar styles from other parts of the world, hierloom designs, and a small loom to give an idea of the work of weavers. Govardhan and his familv has been creating Telia Rumals
for nearly 100 years and have breathed life into a dying dyeing style, weave and pattern. The name Telia Rumal comes from oiled kerchiefs.

The kerchiefs are used to cover the head in Gulf countries where the hint of oil in the cloth keeps the fabric cool. But before that, the handkerchiefs were gifts for lovers.

Making of the cloth

“The yarn is soaked in sheep dung for 17 days and castor oil kernels for 21 days before it is ready for dyeing,” says Govardhan sharing the secret about the cloth that’s claimed to be cool during summer and warm during winter.

The yarn is one story, but how it is woven into a cloth is a lesson in perspective. Imagine a world in squares. In pixels. It is as if the Oxford checks came to India, flirted, danced and multiplied to become a riot of colours.

One of the largest pieces he has created is a cotton spread that is 81 inches by 71 inches framed by a six-inch border of madder colour. “Created in 1983, for the Festival of India that travelled the world, the spreadcreated a global buzz for the fabric and people started coming to Puttapaka to see the process and buy cloth,” says Govardhan wearing a blindingly white sharply tailored shirt and trousers.

He has worked with Suraiya Hasan. While Suraiva Hasan is credited with reviving Malkha and other fabrics, Govardhan has breathed life into Telia Rumal by imagining the pattern on saris, dress materials, carpets and wall hangings. He has showcased his work on the global stage. “This is an old tradition but nearly died out in Chirala. I started work on this in 1972. I began with rumals then I used the
rumal design and weaving method to create saris, dupattas, stoles, curtain cloth and bedspreads,” he informs.

https://ggtag.in/

https://goswadeshi.in/en-us/blogs/our-stories/the-telia-rumal-a-handloom-lover-s-delight?srsltid=AfmBOoq3egqVl0klRLbIn3r4hpAMjh7a5QRnx_7crbH0nrASVvrSsh7M

Hyderabadi Haleem

Hyderabadi Haleem, a slow-cooked dish made with meat, broken wheat, lentils, and spices, holds a special place in Hyderabad's culinary landscape, especially during Ramadan. Introduced by the Arab diaspora during the Nizam rule, it underwent local adaptations, becoming a symbol of the city's rich gastronomic heritage.

Hyderabadi haleem originated in the Middle East and is popular in the Indian city of Hyderabad. The Middle Eastern version of haleem is mild in spices and does not contain lentils. It came to India in the Mughal kitchen during the time of Babur.

The 6000+ members of the Hyderabad Haleem Makers Association lobbied for and successfully secured a GI Tag for their dish in August 2010, It is the first non-vegetarian dish in India to receive it.

'Hyderabad Haleem' is a cherished meat delicacy deeply rooted in the traditions of Hyderabad, India, particularly during the sacred Islamic month of Ramzan. This rich, high-calorie stew serves as a perfect culmination to the day's fast, known as 'Iftar.' The fundamental components of wheat, ghee, and meat are meticulously combined in equal proportions to create this delectable dish. While these three ingredients form the core, a medley of aromatic spices, nuts, and fragrant Basmati rice further elevate the flavor and aroma of 'Hyderabad Haleem.' The finishing touch of garnishing and a generous drizzle of clarified butter infuses it with a distinctive brownish, golden-yellow hue. Slow-cooked to perfection, 'Hyderabad Haleem' boasts a smooth, paste-like consistency, making it an indispensable part of the 'Iftar' tradition during Ramadan in Hyderabad.

Haleem is traditionally slow cooked overnight, while two to three people are required to continuously stir it. The lentils, rice and the meat and spices are cooked separately. Thereafter they are combined and pounded together to achieve a unique paste-like consistency. Lastly, it is garnished with nuts, berista (caramelized onion), herbs like coriander and mint, green chillies and lemon juice.

Pista house, a famous Hyderabadi restaurant, established in 1997 has played a humongous role in popularizing Haleem all the more. Not only has Pista House come up with vegetarian Haleem to accommodate a wider crowd but has also made it available for foreigners by opening up branches in USA and Oman.

Although Haleem had reached Hyderabad during the reign of the sixth Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan, it only became Hyderabad’s own under the seventh Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan in the first half of the 20th century. Sultan Saif Nawaz Jung Bahadur, a scion of Al-Qu'aiti dynasty of Yemen, then a prominent noble in the seventh Nizam’s court, all the more popularized the dish when he used it as the star of his dinner parties.

Madina Hotel at Pathargatti, one of the oldest restaurants in the city, introduced Haleem to its menu in 1956, making this royal delicacy accessible to the common people of Hyderabad.

Arabic name: The Arabic name Halim or Haleem is a masculine name that means "gentle," "patient," "understanding," or "slow to anger". In Islam, Al-Halīm is one of the 99 names of God.

Persian word: The Persian word haleem means "oatmeal-like dish

The dish is also known as Hareesa in Arabia and Armenia, Daleem in Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, and northern Iraq, and Khichra in Pakistan.

Harees or Jareesh, a predecessor to Haleem, is still sold in the Irani eateries of Hyderabad and is a staple in the streets of the area known as Barkas, famously called Little Arabia. This area once served as the Nizam’s military cantonment, housing mostly Chaush people (Hadhrami Arabs who settled in the Deccan region). The word Baraks finds its origin in the English word ‘barracks’. The name Barkas is also attributed to an area in Saudi Arabia called ‘ Wadiya Barkas’, the native land of a regiment serving as the Nizams’ esteemed bodyguards. This large settlement of the Arab population heralded the confluence of Arab food and culture with the existing Hyderabadi culture.

In contrast to Haleem, Harees would be considered rather bland. It does not contain the elaborate list of desi spices and desi ghee. Instead of Desi ghee, samneh is used, which is clarified butter made from sheep and goat milk, giving a very distinct greasy-meaty flavor. Harees have two variants: sweet and salty.

In Kashmir, Hareesa is a popular dish exclusively eaten during the winter months. Instead of wheat, short-grained rice is used for the preparation of the same. Caramelized onion is replaced by Kashmiri shallot and Desi ghee with mustard oil. It's eaten along with Kashmiri bread.

North Kerala consumes a sweeter version of Haleem called Aleesa or Alsa. Along with the ingredients used in a typical Hyderabadi haleem, coconut milk, sugar and raisins are a merry addition. From the 7th century onwards, Arab merchants traded on the Malabar coast. Many of these traders married local women, giving rise to the Mappila Muslim community. Hereon Arab dishes were inducted into the religion. Arabic cooking techniques were assimilated with the local spices and ingredients, birthing the distinct Mappila cuisine.

Among Bohras, a Muslim community from Yemen who settled on the coast of Gujarat around the 11th century, take pride in a haleem-like dish called Khichra. Khichra is not as spicy as Haleem and the meat pieces are not pounded and mixed as in the case of Haleem but rather left as tiny chunks. The city of Lucknow and the areas in its vicinity are also acquainted with Khichra

Primarily, haleem is associated with Islamic festivals. But to most people’s surprise, Jews from Persia have been eating Harees on Sabbath day (seventh day of the week, observed as day of rest) since medieval times. On the other hand Syrian Christians prepare it on the Feast of Assumption (marks Virgin Mary’s ascent to Heaven).

The world-famous Hyderabadi Haleem is an endowment of Arabic cuisine to this land but throughout the Indian subcontinent, we see various variations of the dish. Each region has added indigenous elements to the plain yet mesmerizing Harees. Nevertheless the basic structure and ingredients of the dish remain the same as Harees. Like a lot of many delicacies, Harees touched our lands, got accustomed to our palate and then became our very own Haleem.

Hyderabadi Haleem Recipe

2 kilograms mutton
2 teaspoon ginger paste
5 tablespoon urad dal
1 teaspoon red chilli powder
2 cup yoghurt (curd)
1/2 cup cashews
1/2 teaspoon peppercorns
1/2 cup ghee
1/2 cup mint
water as required
3 tablespoon yellow moong dal
2 cup broken wheat (dalia)
2 teaspoon garlic paste
5 tablespoon chana dal
1/4 teaspoon turmeric
1 cup onion
1 teaspoon garam masala powder
1 inch cinnamon stick
1 cup coriander leaves
6 green chilli
3 tablespoon toor daal
salt as required
For Garnishing 2 lemon wedges

https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/hyderabadi-haleem/rs54672891.cms

https://brownhistory.substack.com/p/the-legendary-haleem-of-hyderabad

Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary Gottam Gutta

Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Kalaburagi district of Karnataka in the Kalyana Karnataka region of India is known as the "Ooty of Telangana" located near Zaheerabad, Sangareddy District of Telangana State, India. Name ‘Ooty of Telangana” is a misnomer, as the place is actually in the state of Karnataka in the border of Telangana.

This forest is home to a wide variety of plants and animals, including medicinal herbs, red sandalwood, and teak trees.

Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a sanctuary in 2011and extends over 134.88 Sq.kms. It is the first dry land Wildlife Sanctuary in South India. This is the only area in the Hyderabad Karnataka Region with rich floristic diversity.

The forest hosts rich biodiversity. Apart from medicinal herbs and trees, species like Red Sanders and Sandalwood are found abundantly. The Sanctuary has good dry deciduous and Moist deciduous forest in the core with Acacia and Teak plantations on the fringes. Apart from Chandrampalli dam, four small dams exist at its Centre. The forest is also home to fauna like Black Buck, Common Fox, Four-horned Antelope, Fruit bat, Hyena, Indian Wolf etc. Over 35 species of birds, including Black Drongo, Black-winged Kite, Blossom – headed Parakeet, Blue pigeon, Black-headed Oriole and Grey partridge are also found in this Sanctuary.

Highlights of Chincholi Wildlife SanctuarySafe haven for Wolf and Hyena: Wolves and Hyenas are the primary attractions of the Wildlife Sanctuary.

Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary in Kalaburagi have documented the presence of dholes (wild dogs) in the Kalyana-Karnataka region

Similarity with Western Ghats: Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary is the only area in Hyderabad-Karnataka region to have several features of forests in Western Ghats.

Spread over five blocks: Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary consists of five blocks- Chincholi Forest, Sangapura Forest, Bhonsapur Forest, Magdumpur Forest and Shadipur forest.

Rich Flora: Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary is home to dry and moist deciduous trees in its core zone and teak, acacia plantations in the outer area. Medicinal herbs, sandalwood and red sanders trees are also found in this Wildlife Sanctuary.

Gottam Gutta is Located at a distance of 25 Kms from Zaheerabad and 7 KMs from Chandrapalli, this is a beautiful destination. It is not too frequented by tourists. Perfectly placed on the Chandrampally reservoir on River Bhima, this is a pearl for travellers. Gottam Gutta is 135 Kms away from Hyederabad and is a perfect place for a weekend getaway. It’s a beautiful forested area where anybody would love to camp and thoroughly enjoy a night of adventure with a whole bunch of friends. It’s like Mother Nature is there to cater to your excitement requirements and she positively smiles at you when she sees you all happy. The tourist spot is situated amidst the thick green trees and natural beauty makes it an ideal place for trekkers and adventurers. The Forests are a preferred destination for tourists, who are looking to spend some time closer to nature. There are some historical temples in vicinity.

Gottam Gutta is plush emerald and the huge water body always glows. It is like the sun and the moon have some sort of a scheme to make the surface perpetually sparkle. All you need is a book to read and a heart to let go of other thoughts. Time never flies faster and if you're in a mood to explore, you are quite lucky. This place has a gorgeous waterfall and beautiful tiny temples. There are decadent parks and adequate water facilities that have wonderfully been extended to the animals as well. So basically, everybody is happy and that shows since there is something magical about the place and you just cannot help feeling euphoric even you try really hard not to. Gottam Gutta is about 135 KMs from Hyderabad

Hyderabad –> Zaheerabad –> Mogudumpalli –> GottamGutta –> Chincholi Sanctuary –> Ethipothala

Hyderabad > Sangareddy > Zaheerabad > Govindapur > Mogudampalli > Chincholi wildlife sanctuary > Gottam Gutta

Stay : Cottages available at Chandrampalli dam (Camping Not Allowed) , Food is available at nearby village.

Activities : Bird watching, short hike, waterfall visit

you can visit Ananthagiri hills on the way back to Hyderabad

Chandrampalli Dam : Chandrampalli Dam is built across the Bhima River. The dam is located in Chandrampalli village of Chincholi taluq under the Gulbarga district of Karnataka. As one of the main dams in the district, dam is responsible for the irrigation of several villages in Chincholi taluka..

From chincholi to chandrampalli which is around 20 km 30 min. we have to enter Karnataka in order to reach that place.( No major check posts on the way so any vehicle can pass through easily). We took a walk on the dam till its end it was really cool. Chincholi range can be seen from the dam. There are 3 cottages available (Belongs to Karnataka Tourism) for the travelers who are willing to stay over night. We spent few hours of quality time over there and started to Ethipothala.

Ethipothala : It is locally named as Ethipothala (other than one at Nagarjuna sagar) according to its geographical location. Although we have map sometimes we won’t find the exact route without help of locals. Finally after getting directions from multiple people we reached the place.

Trekking : 4 Hours (8Kms) - A trail exists inside the wildlife sanctuary , providing individuals an ideal trekking experience through nature. The route passes through various habitats like the wooded forests, grassland, gorges, dry deciduous forests, teak plantations, bamboo thickets, and rocky outcrops of Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary. It provides a wonderful opportunity to explore unique trees, insects, reptiles, birds, mammals, and other resources of the forest in a single walk. Interesting Features: Jalari trees, pristine forests, perennial water bodies, undulating landscapes and rugged terrain, evidences of wildlife, and chirping of birds all along the way.
https://www.karnatakaecotourism.com/treksdetail/TRK147

https://saichintala.com/2020/09/20/chincholi-ooty-of-telangana/

https://bcfblogs.com/2020/07/23/one-day-trip-to-chincholi-wild-life-sanctuary-chandrampalli-dam-and-ethipothala-waterfalls-2/

Peddapalli District History

Peddapalli District is carved out of erstwhile Karimnagar district on October 11, 2016. The headquarters of the district is Peddapalli town and Commissionerate is at Ramagundam.

Peddapalli town is an educational hub and Ramagundam for Industrial hub. Peddapalli is also famous for agricultural occupation.

The district has a closed airport at Kesoram Cement Factory in Basanth Nagar, Ramagundam. The largest city in the district and the 5th largest city in Telangana State, Ramagundam is an educational and industrial hub. It is known for its multicultural and linguistic diversity.The district is bordered by Mancherial to the north, Jayashankar to the east, Karimnagar to the south, and Jagitial to the west.

The district comprises 14 mandals and two revenue divisions – Peddapalli and Manthani. Peddapalli town is its headquarters.

The district is known for its historical and archaeological significance, and is home to holy shrines such as Sri Mallikarjuna Swamy at Odela and Sri Varahaswami at Kamanpur Mandal.

The district is of historical and archaeological significance. The Buddhist Stupa dating back to 2nd century BC and one of the 30 walled cities mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek historian, is located in Dhulikatta village of Eligaid mandal.

Some of the popular tourist attractions in the district include Ramuni Gundalu, Sabbitham waterfalls. Ramagiri Qilah, a place of historical importance located in the village Begumpet is also often visited by tourists.

Historian Samudrala Sunil discovered 5,000-year-old rock art paintings from the Chalcolithic period at Ramagiri fort in the district.

The district is known for its high-quality cotton.

Buddhist locations at Dhulikatta and Peddabankur in Peddapalli district.The Nagamuchilinda Buddhist Stupa at Dhulikatta in Peddapalli district, which takes the Buddhist heritage of Telangana to 2nd century BC, got special recognition with the Department of Posts releasing its special cover to mark ‘nine years of Telangana Statehood’.

The Buddhist monastic complex at Vadkapur and Dhulikatta villages located on the right and left banks of Hussaini vagu lies at a distance of 30 krn from Karimnagar. The excavations brought to light a Buddhist Stupa, fortification walls etc. One of labels inscribed in Brahmi over a slab in this Stupa is Palaeographically datable to 2nd century B.C. The Stupa belonged to the Hinayana sect of Buddhism in which the anthropomorphic representation of Buddha was taboo. Here Buddha is showed in symbols such as his Chatra, Padukas, throne with Swastika, Pillar of fire etc.

The Stupa consists of lower pradakshana patha, circular drum with ayaka platforms on four cardinal directions i.e. on east, west, north and south and a dome. These ayaka platforms project from the main drum. This Stupa was beautified with carved lime stone slabs during the early Satavahna period and this embellishment is contemporary to the Barhut Stupa dated to the early Sunga period. Among the lime stone slabs Naga Muchilinda (a snake guarding the Buddha) is prominent.

Asmaka (One of the 16 Mahajanapadas)
Founder : Unknown (Believed to be Asmaka)
Capitals : Potana or Potali or Paudanya of Mahabharata or today's Bodhan.
Languages : Prakrit
Religion : Budhism, Jainism, Hinduism

c.300 BC - 232 BC : Mauryan Empire (322 BC –185 BC)
Founder : Chandragupta Maurya (320 BC - 298 BC)
Capital : Pataliputra
Languages : Prakrit
Religion : Budhism, Jainism, Brahmanism

c. 232 BC - c. 208 AD : Pre-Satavahana and Satavahana Dynasty
Excavations in kotilingala found punch marked coins of Pre Satavahana rulers
Rano Gobhadasa, Siri Kama, Sirivaya, Siri Naransa, Rano Sama Govasa
Siri Satavhanasa, Rano Siri Sataka Rinisa, Rano Siri Simukha Satavahanasa, Rano Siri Satakanasa, Rano Siri Pulomavisa, Mahatalavarasa, Maha Senapthi Sagamanasa, Salakasa, Mahatalavara Sivakhada, Maharathi Sivakanasa

c.208 AD - c. 280 AD : Abhiras / Abheeras (c. 208 - c. 375 AD)
Founder : Isvarasena
Language : Sanskrit
Religion : Hinduism (Saivism)

Abhiras were subordinate rulers of Western Satraps and declared independence after fall of Satavahanas.

c. 208 AD - 320 AD : Mahisha Saka Chutu Dynasty
Capital : Banavasi or Vanavasi in present-day Karnataka state.
Founder : Rano Chutukulanda
Langauges : Prakrit
Religion : BudhismEmblem : Chutu inscriptions contain the emblem of the cobra hood implying Chutu meant the "cobra crest"

c. 320 AD - 340 AD : Pallava Dynasty (275 AD - 897 AD)
Pallavas were initially feudatories of Satavahanas and later ruled independently from Kanchipuram.

c. 340 - 480 A.D : Vakataka Dynasty (250 AD - 500 AD)
Founder : Vindhyashakti (250 AD - 270 AD)
Capitals : Vatsagulma, the present day Washim in Maharashtra.
Languages : Maharashtri Prakrit, Sanskrit
Religion : Budhism, Hinduism

c.380 AD - c.611 AD : Vishnukundins
Founder : Indravarma/Maharajendrvarma (380 AD - 394 AD)
Capitals : Amrabad in Mahaboonagar and extended it to Bhuvanagiri, Ramannapeta in Nalgonda and Keesaragutta in Rangareddy. Built Indrapala in Nalgonda. Eluru, Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh
Languages : Telugu, Sanskrit
Religion : Hinduism (Vaisnavism)

c.450 AD - c.611 AD : Durjaya Dynasty
Founder : Rana Durjaya
Durjaya dynasty, was a descendant of Karikala, the great Chola monarch who started as vassals to Vishnukundins.

611 AD - 753 AD : Badami Chalukyas (543 AD - 753 AD)
Founder : Pulakeshin I
Capitals : Badami
Languages : Kannada, Sanskrit
Religion : Jainism, Hinduism

Pulakeshin I took over some regions of Telanagana from Vishnukundins in c.550 AD and remaining by Pulikesin II in 611 A.D.

c.753 AD to 973 AD : Vemulavada Chalukyas (vassals to Rashtrakuta Dynasty) ruled Karimnagar and Nizamabad. One of the famous chalukya dynasties, who ruled the North-Western part of Telangana region as feudatory kings of the Rashtrakutas, were the vemulawada chalukyas. Pulakesin-II, the Badami Chalukya king was the originator of this dynasty. Ten generations of this dynasty ruled the region with vemulawada of Karimnagar district as their capital. Their kingdom began with the Rashtra kutas and ended also with Rashtrakutas.

973 AD - 1158 AD : Western Chalukyas / Kalyani Chalukyas (973 AD - 1189 AD)
Founder : Tailapa II Capitals : Manyakheta, Kalyani (Basavakalyan in Bidar , Karnataka)
Languages : Kannada, Sanskrit
Religion : Jainism, Hinduism

1080 AD - 1160 A.D : Polavasa Chiefs Polavasa Dynasty / Polasa chiefs / Lengonda Dynasty
Capital : Polavasa (Current Polas, Jagitial District, Telangana State, India)
Founder : Madhava Varma
Language: TeluguReligion: Hinduism (Saivism and Vaishnavism), Jainism

Their reign in Telangana is described in the Banajipet, Palampet and Govindapuram inscriptions and were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas ruling parts of Karimnagar and Warangal, but revolted against their overlords. However, they were eventually subdued by Chalukya King Jagadekamalla II, with the support of Kakatiya King Beta II (1076 - 1108) for which he was awarded Sabbi-1000 region (modern-day Karimnagar district).

1116 AD -1138A.D : Gundaraja of Mantrakuta (Current Manthena)
Ruled Mulugu and Narasannapeta regions independently.
1138 AD: Kama son of Katana sent by Prola II of Kakatiya defeated Gundaraja, ruler of Mantrakuta (modern Manthani), pursued him to his capital where he had his head shaved and caused him to be branded on the breast.

Ramgir fort was under the control of Gundaraja of Manthani and Edaraja of Ramagundam. They were defeated by the Kakati Prola II and the entire area of Polavasa, Manthani and Ramagundam were under the control of Kakatiyas.

1138 AD - 1323 AD : Kakatiya Dynasty (1000 AD - 1323 AD)
Founder : Venna
Capitals : Anumakonda(Hanumakonda), Orugallu / Ekasilanagara (Warangal)
Languages : Telugu, Sanskrit, Kannada
Religion : Jainism, Hinduism (Saivism)

Kaktiya rule started in c.750 AD as subordinates. But, they ruled independently from 1163 AD.

1323 AD - 1336 AD : Tughlaq Dynasty
Ulugh Khan (also known as Muhammad bin Tughluq), the general that conquered Warangal, renamed it "Sultanpur" and remained as the governor of the region for a short period, thus ending the Kakatiya dynasty.

1336 AD - 1368 AD : Musunuri Nayaks (1325 AD – 1368 AD)
After the fall of Kakatiyas, Musunuri Kapayanayaka occupied Orugallu and appointed Muppabhupala as the ruler of Sabbinadu with his capital at Ramagiri during 14th Century A.D.

In 1336 Kapaya Nayaka took control of Warangal from Malik Maqbul. At this juncture, there was a sort of power quadrilateral in and around the present-day Telangana lands. To the west were the newly established Bahmanis; to the east were Kondavidu Reddis; In the Telangana land itself there were two power centres. The northern part centred at Orugallu was with Musunuri Kapaya Nayak while the southern part centred at Rachakonda was with Recherla Singama Nayak-II.

1368 AD - 1433 AD : Recherla Nayaks
Capitals: Rachakonda and Devarakonda
Founder : Singama nayaka-I

The Bahamani Sultan Ahmed Shah I (1422-1436 A.D.) invaded Telangana region in 1433 A.D. and occupied the Ramagiri fort.

1433 AD – 1518 AD : Bahmani Sultanate (1347 AD - 1527 AD)
Founder : Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
Capital : Daulatabad, Gulbarga

1518 AD – 1687 AD : Qutbshahis / Golconda Sultanate
1636 AD : In 1636 AD Shah Jahan appointed Aurangzeb as the Viceroy of the Deccan and forced the Qutb Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty, which lasted until 1687 when the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb conquered the Golcondan sultanate.

1687 AD - 1724 AD : Mughal Empire
1713 : Mir Qamaruddin Siddiqi was appointed governor by the Mughals.
1724 : Mir Qamaruddin Siddiqi was granted the control of Hyderabad by the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah after defeating the rival from Maratha Empire.

1724 AD - 1948 AD : Asaf Jahis
1724 A.D - I748 A.D : Nizam ul-mulk
After death of Nizam ul-mulk's death that his son and grandson sought help from the British and French to win the throne. The Carnatic wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India's coastal Carnatic region, a dependency of Hyderabad State, India where British and French trying to gain influence in this region.

Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) was established in 1886 by the Nizam of Hyderabad, under the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The Nizam wanted to harness the coal resources of the region to fuel the economic development of Hyderabad State, which was an important princely state during British India.

Aug 15, 1947 : Indian Independence from British. Osman Ali Khan ASAF Jahi VII chose to remain independent.

Sep 17, 1948 - Oct 31, 1956 : Hyderabad State, India
Sep 17, 1948 : Operation Polo, was a military operation ordered by then Indian Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on Sep 13 1948 in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the State of Hyderabad and overthrew its Nizam on Sep 17 1948, integrating Hyderabad in to India.

Sep 17 1948 - Dec 31 1949 : Major General J. N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo stayed on as Military Governor.

26 January 1950 - 31 October 1956 : Last Nizam, Osman Ali Khan ASAF Jahi VII as Rajpramukh. Rajpramukh was an administrative title in India which existed from India's independence in 1947 until 1956. Rajpramukhs were the appointed governors of certain of India's provinces and states.
26 Jan, 1950 - 6 March, 1952 : M. K. Vellodi was Chief Minister of the state appointed by Government of India.

6 March, 1952 - 31 October 1956 : In the 1952 Legislative Assembly election, Dr. Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief minister of Hyderabad State.

Nov 1, 1956 - June 1, 2014 : Andhra Pradesh State, India
In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission was appointed to recommend the reorganisation of state boundaries. The panel was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telangana with Andhra state, despite their common language. With the intervention of the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Telangana and Andhra states were merged on November 1, 1956. Nehru termed the merger a "matrimonial alliance having provisions for divorce".

On 9 December 2009, the government of India announced the process of formation of the Telangana state.

After decades of protests and agitations, the central government, under the United Progressive Alliance, decided to bifurcate the existing Andhra Pradesh state and on 2 June 2014, the Union Cabinet unilaterally cleared the bill for the creation of Telangana. Lasting for almost 5 decades, it was one of the longest lasting movements for statehood in South India.

On 18 February 2014, the Lok Sabha passed the bill with a voice vote. Subsequently, the bill was passed by the Rajya Sabha two days later, on 20 February. As per the bill, Hyderabad would be the capital of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of the residual state of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years.

June 2, 2014 - Current : Telangana State, India
June 2, 2014 : Telangana became 29 state of India. On June 2, 2104, K Chandrasekhar Rao (born 17 February 1954) from Bharat Rashtra Samithi (BRS) takes oath as the first chief minister of Telangana, India's 29th state representing the Gajwel Assembly constituency.

Gajapati Empire

1458 AD - 1504 AD : Gajapati Empire (1435 AD - 1541 AD)

Founder : Kapilendra Deva. He ascended to the throne after staging a military coup against the preceding and the last ruler from the Eastern Ganga dynasty, Bhanu Deva IV.

Coronation : 29 June 1435 AD

Capital : Bhubaneswar

Religion : Hinduism

1423 AD : Ahmad I appointed Abdul Latif Khan as governor of Telangana

1425 AD : Abdul Latif Khan raided Recherla Nayaks for siding with Vijayanagara Empire.

1435 AD, the Rachakonda area was given by the Sultan to his brother Mohammed Khan

During the times of 1433 – 1438 AD, Bahamanis of Bidar occupied the forts of Medak, Warangal, and Bhuvanagiri

1458 AD - 1467 AD : Kapilendra Gajapati (1434 CE – 1467 CE)

1458 AD : Conquest of Telangana

Sanjar Khan General of Humayaun Shah confered Bhongir as Jagir on him

Humayun Shah ascended the throne of the Bahmani sultanate in 1458 AD. Upon his enthronement, Humayun appointed Mahmud Gawan lieutenant of the kingdom and governor of Bijapur, with the title of Malik-ut-Tujjar. Sikandar Khan, a cousin of Humayun, was given charge of Telangana. But, Still dissatisfied by the appointment, he began a rebellion, supported by his father Jalal Khan and Recherla Nayaks of Devarakonda. Sikandar was killed in the ensuing battle, and his army defeated, In an act of revenge the Bahmani sultan invaded the Telegana region and the Bahmani commander Sanjar Khan extracted vengeance on the common people. Native Hindus were sold as slaves Recherla Lingama Nayaka sought help from Orissa Gajapathis.The political situation in Telangana provided an opportunity for the Gajapati army to intervene and conquer the territory. The victory over the Bahmani Sultanate forces at Devarakonda in 1458 CE enabled Kapilendra Deva to assume the title of Kalavargeśvara which meant the Lord of Kalaburagi or Gulbarga.

1460 AD : Warangal
The two epigraphs are engraved on the eastern and western gates of the fort at Warangal and refer to the capture of the fort by the Gajapati army. The one on the western gate belongs to Virabhadra Raghudeva, son of Parasurama, who was the younger brother of the Gajapati Kapileswara and the son of Jagesvara. The record is dated in the Kali year 4561, Pramathin (A.D. 1460) and states that Warangal lay within the dominions of Humayun Shah. Sultan of Kalubarega (Gulbarga). The other inscription, set up about the same time, on the eastern gate mentions prince Hamvira-mahapatra, son of Kapilesa Gajapati, and states that he captured the fort.

1460 AD - 1464 AD : Dharma Nayaka son of Singama Nayaka III
1462 A.D: Shayampet inscription - Dharmanayudu / Dharmanayaka, brother of Singama nayaka-III was appointed as the ruler of Warangal. However, now Recherla Nayaks became the tributaries of the Gajapatis of Orissa.

1467 AD - 1497 AD : Purushottama Gajapati

His father Gajapati Kapilendra Deva chose him as his heir to rule the Gajapati Empire at the banks of river Krishna where he breathed his last. This decision infuriated his elder brother Hamvira Deva who was a battle hardened and successful warrior fulfilling the task of conquering the southern territories and expeditions against the Vijayanagara Empire as wished by his father.

October 1472 AD - 1476 AD : Hamvira Deva

A disgruntled Hamvira solicited a treaty with the Turko-Persian Bahmani Sultan Muhammad Shah III. Willing to capture Rajamahendravaram and Kondapalli, Muhammad Shah III placed conditions on Hamvira to accept his suzerainty when he becomes the ruler of the Gajapati realm and cede the desired territories from his father's empire. This deal between Hamvira and Muhammad Shah III has been mentioned in the works of Ferishta and Sayid AliTaba Taba. The Bahmani Sultan sent his commander Hussain Bheiry with troops to support Hamvira in overthrowing Purushottama. Gaining the support of the Bahmani forces, Hamvira Deva declared himself Gajapati in the year 1472. Purushottama lost more than half of his father's empire in the initial years to Hamvira and the Bahmani forces. Hamvira became a doppleganger Gajapati in the southern portions of Odisha and tried to invade the Gajapati capital ruled by his younger brother but was defeated.

1475 AD : Azim Khan

Bahamani Sultan Muhammad Shah II defeated Lingama Nayaka and occupied Rachakonda and Devarakonda. The Bahamani Sultan, then sent Malik Nizam Ul Mulk Bahri to conquer Telengana. This man not only took the forts in Telengana, but also Kondaveedu and Rajamahendravaram forts and occupied all of Telengana. The Orugallu kingdom was given by the Sultan to Azim Khan. This happened around 1475 AD.

1493 AD : Qutb-ul-Mulk

1496 AD - 1518 AD : Sultan Quli Khawas Khan Hamdani or Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk was awarded the title Qutb-ul-Mulk (Pillar of the Realm) as military chief and was made the tarafdar of Golconda in 1496.

c. 1497 - c. 1540 AD : Prataparudra Gajapati
1503 AD - 1515 AD : Chittapa Khana or Shitap Khan.

Inscription date : 21st January, A.D. 1504.
Language : Sanskrit.
This inscription is on a pillar in the fort near the temple, dated S. 1425, Magha su. 5, Sunday, (A.D. 1504, Jan. 21). The famous Shitap Khan inscription (Hyderabad Archaeological Series No. 9) records the capture of Warangal called Ekopala and restoration of the temples of the god Panchala Raya and the goddess Kakati by Chittapa Khana. The genealogy and greatness of Chittapa Khan are given in detail. Chittap Khan was a subordinate of Prataparudra Gajapati and he figures in the Rayavachakamu as an opponent of Krishnadevaraya during his Telangana campaign Chittapa Khana was not a Mahammadan chief as his name indicates, but a Hindu ruler of Bhogi kula called Sitapati who was ruling over a certain part of Telangana from his capital at Rachakonda.

Vijayanagara Empire

Vijayanagara Empire (1336 - 1646)
Founders : Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty
Capital : Vijayanagar

Languages : Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu

Religion : Hinduism

The kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded by Harihara and Bukka, two of five brothers (surnamed Sangama) who had served in the administrations of both Kakatiya and Kampili before those kingdoms were conquered by the armies of the Delhi sultanate in the 1320s. When Kampili fell in 1327, the two brothers are believed to have been captured and taken to Delhi, where they converted to Islam. They were returned to the Deccan as governors of Kampili for the sultanate with the hope that they would be able to deal with the many local revolts and invasions by neighbouring Hindu kings. They followed a conciliatory policy toward the landholders of the area, many of whom had not accepted Muslim rule, and began a process of consolidation and expansion. Their first campaign was against the neighbouring Hoysala king, Ballala III of Dorasamudra, but it stagnated; after the brothers reconverted to Hinduism under the influence of the sage Madhavacarya(Vidyaranya) and proclaimed their independence from the Delhi sultanate, however, they were able to defeat Ballala and thereby secure their home base. Harihara I (reigned 1336–56) then established his new capital, Vijayanagar, in an easily defensible position south of the Tungabhadra River.

In 1336 Harihara, with the help of his brothers, held uneasy suzerainty over lands extending from Nellore, on the southeast coast, to Badami, south of Bijapur on the western side of the Deccan. All around him new Hindu kingdoms were rising, the most important of which were the Hoysala kingdom of Ballala and the confederacy, led by Kapaya Nayaka in Telangana.

The Vijayanagara Empire saw the rise and fall of 4 dynasties.

Sangama Dynasty
Saluva Dynasty
Tuluva Dynasty
Aravidu Dynasty

Sangama Dynasty

21 June 1377 AD – 1404 AD : Harihara Raya II
1386 AD : This copper plate is dated S. 1308, belonging to Vijayanagara king Harikara in Nagari script and Sanskrit and Kannada languages, records the gift of some vrittis of land to Brahmanas of the Pampakshetra. The king Harihara is praised for his proficiency in the Shastras taught by his Vidyaranya Swami.

28th February 1397 A.D : Kaleshwaram
This inscription is on one pillar of 16-Pillared mandapa of Muktesvara temple from Kaleshwaram, dated Saka 1319, Isvara, 1st day of the year, Wednesday, corresponding to the 28th February 1397 A.D., states in a verse in Sardulavikridita that Devaraya, the son of Harihara, performed the tulapurusha on the occasion of his digvijaya. It was obviously under orders of his father Harihara that Prince Devaraya undertook this campaign of Conquest. The Velugoyivarivamsavali alludes to a number of clashes of the Velamas, who sided with the Bahmani Sultans, with the Vijayanagara kings (Further Sources of Vijayanagara History, Vol. I, pp. 82-83). The Panugallu inscription (cf. op.cit., Vol. II, pp. 38-39), dated 6 months later than this record, refers to the capture of the fort of Panungal by Immadi Bukka, assisted by his son Ananta.

30th December, A.D. 1397 : Pangal, Kollapur, Nagarkurnool District
The record refers to the reign of Harihara II, son of Bukka of the Sangama dynasty of Vijayanagara. The object of the inscription is to record the conquest of Panugallu by the Dviguna-Bukka. The details of the date of the conquest are given as Saka 1319 (expressed by chronogram), Isvara, Pausha (Sahasya), su. 11(Sambhor=dina), Sunday, corresponding to the 30th December 1397 A.D.

1406 AD - 1422 AD : Deva Raya I

1424AD - 1446 AD : Deva Raya II

1424 AD: Pangal - Dated in Saka 1346 during the rule of Devaraya, another epigraph records the construction of the temple of Mukti-Ramesvara by Devanarayana, belonging to a Brahmana family from Kasmira, who was the governor of the fort and who claims to have destroyed the army of Firuz Shah.

Two of Deva Raya's sons, named Mallikarjuna and Virupaksha I, are mentioned in various inscriptions.

1446 AD - 1468 AD : Mallikarjuna Raya

Mallikarjuna was the son of Deva Raya II by the Queen Ponnala Devi.

The Bahmani Sultanate took over much of the Vijayanagara Empire by 1450 and grew closer to the capital of Vijayanagara.

Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District.
1464 AD : Language : Telugu and Sanskrit
This inscription is dated S. 1386 (9), Sarvajit, Magha, ba. 14, Monday, Sivaratri.Records the gift of the village Sarangapura to the head of the religious establishment ofSarangesvara Matha viz, Peddakuppasakanthadeva by Pedakachappodaya at the command ofthe king. The gift estate was approved by Kadali Bhikshavrtti Ayyangaru, the pontiff of Srisaila throne, by crediting 500 varahas into the treasury of Mallikarjuna.

27th February A.D. 1468 AD : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District.
Language : Sanskrit and Telugu. Script : Telugu.
On the command of Mallikarjuna Raya and with the permission of Kadali biksha vritti lyyengar seated on Srisaila simhasana Peda Kachappodayalu garu, constructed a village called Sarangapura in the fields of Naramarilla and made it over to Kemidevuni veerayya, the Saranga matadhipati for the merit of his guru and parents.

1468 AD - 1485 AD : Virupaksha Raya II lost the Konkan coast (including Goa, Chaul, and Dabul) by 1470 to Prime Minister Mahamud Gawan of Turko-Persian Bahmani Sultanate, who was sent to conquer the area by the Sultan Muhammad Shah III. The Bahmani Sultan would also invade the Doab of Krishna and Tungabhadra, and the Raja Purushottama Gajapati of Odisha invaded Tiruvannamalai. Because of these losses, Virupaksha became increasingly unpopular and ignited many of the empire's provinces to rebel, eventually leading up to Virupaksha's death at the hands of his own son, Praudha Raya in 1485. Praudha Raya himself was not able to salvage the empire but an able general Saluva Narasimha I took control of the empire in 1485 and helped prevent its demise, though this change of power marked the end of the Sangama Dynasty and the beginning of the Saluva Dynasty.

The End of the Sangama Dynasty
Saluva Narasimha was single-handedly holding the great empire together without formally taking over the throne. In the meantime, after the debacle of the attempt to recover Goa on his own, Virupaksha II’s behaviour became even more erratic than before. He ordered random killings of his commanders for trivial charges and started to unleash a reign of terror amongst the nobles. Sick of this behaviour of his father, Virupaksha’s eldest son murdered him. However, he refused to assume the throne since he had committed patricide, a heinous crime according to Hindu scriptures. Therefore, he considered himself ‘unfit’ to be king.

1485 AD - 1486 AD : Praudha Raya
This prince therefore raised his brother, Praudha Deva Raya, to the throne. However, this Deva Raya turned out to be even more wicked and debauched than his father. Very soon after coming to the throne, he became suspicious of his elder brother who had gifted him the throne and personally killed him. It was obvious to all that Sangama power had run its course and that the Sangama scion had lost the moral authority to rule. The time was ripe to supplant this dynasty, whose fundamental roots itself had become rotten to the core.

Saluva Dynasty

1486 AD - 1491 AD : Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya

Saluva Narasimha realised that the time had come to assume the mantle of king. He wrote to all the chiefs, commanders and important nobles and secured their goodwill and then send his trusted general Narasa Nayaka to march on Vijayanagara, the capital. The dates of this take over vary in different accounts, but it can be placed as being within the span of 1486-90. Deva Raya, who had reinstated himself in Vijayanagara fled at the approach of the Saluva army—the Sangamas disappeared from the firmament of Vijayanagara, without even an audible whimper or creating any ripples.

1491 AD : Thimma Bhupala (died 1491 CE)

Elder son and heir-apparent of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, the Sovereign of the Vijayanagara Empire. During the reign of his father, he held the office of the Yuvaraja.Prince Thimma succeeded his father in 1491 but was soon assassinated by an army commander loyal to the Sangamas during a period of political unrest in Vijayanagara. He was succeeded by his younger brother Narasimha Raya II.

1491 AD - 1505 AD : Narasimha Raya II / Immadi Narasimha
29th February A.D. 1504 : Wanaparthy, Wanaparthy District.
The eldest son of his Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya's prime minister, Narasa Nayaka, had Narasimha Raya II assassinated and ascended to the throne himself in 1505, beginning the Tuluva dynasty, the third dynasty of the Vijayanagara empire.

Tuluva Dynasty

1505 AD - 1509 AD : Tuluva Narasa Nayaka / Vira Narasimha Raya

1509 AD -1529 AD : Krishna Deva Raya Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 - 17 October 1529) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire reigning from 1509 to 1529. He was the third monarch of the Tuluva dynasty, and is considered to be one of the greatest rulers in Indian history.

Krishnadevaraya's rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation. This was the time when the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna river (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), ruler of Odisha were subdued (1514) and severe defeats were inflicted on the Sultan of Bijapur (1520).

4th May, A.D. 1516 : Nelakondapalli, Khammamet, Khammam District.
Language : Telugu.
The following inscription is on three sides of a pillar now planted in the compound of the local library at Nelakondapalli. It is in Telugu prose and records the grant of land to some shrines in Kondapalli, on the orders of Kondamarusayya, who ruled in this region as governor in the reign of Krsna-deva-raya of Vijayanagara.

The inscription is dated in Saka 1438, Dhatr, Jyeṣṭha, suddha, tritiya, Sunday. The date is a sound one and corresponds to Sunday the 4th of May A.D. 1516. The tithi on the previous day (that is, Saturday) was dvitiya, and trtiya did not commence till 98 of that day. The same tithi continued the whole of Sunday and lasted for I ghatika for 30 minutes after sunrise on Monday. The inscription is important as evidence of Krsna-deva-raya's conquest of this region.The Pillar containing this inscription was actually set up by Parvat-ayyamgaru.

1516 AD : Nalagonda (modern Nalgonda),Khammamet and Khandikonda (an Mabbababad taluk of the Warangal district), are referred to among others, important places in the Gajapati kingdom which Krsna-deva-raya captured.

Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on Belgaum, which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, Krishnadevaraya fell ill and eventually died in 1529, succeeded by his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya.

16th January, A.D. 1521 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwall District
Language : Kannada.
This inscription is dated S. 1443, Vrsha, Asadha Su. 12, (A.D. 1521, Jan 16 Sunday). Records the grant of two villages Chennunipadu and Velambodu by Gauradanayankara Basavapayya who was Amara dandanayaka over Alampurusima. He was so appointed by Krishnaraya after his subjugation of Rachuru.

3rd March A.D. 1527. : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwall District
Language : Telugu. Script : Telugu.
It is a copper plate at Brahmesvara temple. Registers the gift of a village Chennupalli of Alampura sima, for anga ranga vaibhava of Navabrahmesvara by Chinnapeddinayudu, son of Bhudaram Peddinayudu,. Śrī krishnadevaraya Chinnapeddinayudu a palegar of Alampur sima.

23rd April A.D. 1529. : Chennipadu, Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwall District
Language : Kannada. Script : Telugu.
This inscription is on the slab in the compound of Chennakesava temple. Records thegift of village Pusalapadu also known as Krishnapuram in Alampuri sima, for the Amurutapadi of Chennakesavadeva of Chennipadu on lunar eclipse by Chandrasekharayya son ofAnnaji Ayya, for the merit of his over lord Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara and his minister Timmarasayya. The record ends with lengthy imprecatory verses.

1529 AD - 1542 AD : Achuyta Deva Raya
2nd November A.D. 1538 : Kosangi.
Language : Kannada. Script : Telugu.
This inscription states that while Achyutaraya was ruling his amara nayaka (name lost) Immadi Medi Naraya made a gift of a well and garden to the God Somesvara of Kosagi.

1542 AD - 1570 AD : Sadasiva Raya

1552 AD - 1554 AD : This is a copper plate with two charters, dated Saka 1474 and 1476, registered grant of villages Jaduvalli and Rellundi respectively to Somanatha Bhatta and Venkatadri by king Sadasiva Raya.

1586 AD -1614 AD : Venkatapati Raya

Polepally, Jadcherla, Mahbubnagar district.
This inscription is on a pedestal in the Chennakesava Temple. This inscription mentions that a pillar which was broken for a long time was replaced in the temple of Ahobala Narasimhasvami of Polepalli by Mudugallu Nurussa Chintamani.

Chennur Silk Sarees

Chennur silk sarees shine brightly with their elegance and rich history. Hailing from Chennur, a small village in Nirmal District, Telangana State, India. These sarees are a representation of a beautiful and ancient craft. Let’s explore the story of Chennur silk sarees, their unique features, and why they continue to attract fashion lovers, especially the younger generation.

The Kalamkari Hand Painted Chennur Silk Saree is a masterpiece of Indian textile artistry. Crafted from exquisite Chennur silk, this saree features intricate hand-painted Kalamkari motifs that tell captivating stories of tradition and culture. The vibrant colors and detailed designs make it a visual delight, showcasing the skill of skilled artisans.

Chennur is famous for its silk weaving tradition. This craft has been passed down through generations, with families perfecting the art of making stunning silk sarees. The village is close to Tussar and Mulberry silk fields, which provide the high-quality silk threads used in these sarees. This connection to nature and tradition is a key part of Chennur silk’s story.

The tradition of Chennur silk has roots that go back to the prosperous Golconda Sultanate in Hyderabad during the Middle Ages. The Mughals, who supported this craft, referred to the artisans as "qualamkars," a term that eventually evolved into "kalamkari." This historical connection highlights the rich heritage behind Chennur silk.

These sarees are known for their intricate designs. Skilled weavers use traditional techniques to create beautiful patterns. Both handlooms and modern tools are used to achieve these designs.

Chennur silk sarees are versatile and elegant. They can be worn with elaborate gold designs or kept simple, depending on the occasion. Their graceful drape makes them suitable for weddings, festivals, and other special events.

Recently, younger generations have rediscovered Chennur silk sarees.

1. Cultural Pride: Young people appreciate the cultural connection that Chennur silk sarees provide. They are more than just fashion; they are a link to heritage and tradition.

2. Sustainable Choice: Chennur silk sarees are made using eco-friendly methods, making them a great option for those interested in sustainable fashion.

3. Unique Style: The exclusive designs and luxurious fabric make Chennur silk sarees stand out from mass-produced clothes. They offer a unique and timeless style.

4. Flexibility: These sarees can be styled in many ways, allowing young people to mix traditional and modern looks for different events.

A basic seed multiplication and training centre belonging to Central Silk Board (CSB), in Chennur stood in the top in the country by registering production of 3.20 lakh tasar silkworm eggs in the last five years, bringing recognition to Telangana.

Tussar silk is one of the most sought-after fibres in the world owing to its rich texture and natural colour, it is also one of the rarest forms of natural fibre.

Cocoons of Tasar, a variety of silk, contain many insects that are processed to produce exquisite silk thread used in manufacturing saris and other clothing. The cocoons are traditionally grown by the tribals by camping in the forests as means of livelihood for many decades. They are cultivated on leaves of Terminalia Arjuna (Tellla Maddi) and Yeru Maddi trees spread in 2,100 hectares in Chennur area of Mancherial and 1,000 hectares of forests in Kumram Bheem Asifabad district.

More than 800 farmers in Vemanpelli, Kotapalli, Kannepalli and Nennal mandals of Mancherial district and Bejjur and Koutala mandals in Kumurambheem Asifabad district are cultivating cocoons in 3,100 hectares of land. Traders from Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha come to buy the cocoons sold in an open auction in Chennur every year.

https://telanganatoday.com/silkworm-egg-production-csbs-bsm-pc-chennur-bags-award

https://thriyasilks.com/blogs/the-saree-journal/discovering-the-charm-of-chennur-silk-sarees

Shankaramma Fort

Shankaramma Fort is located in Shankarampet village and Mandal, Medak District, Telangana State, India.

The fort, which was under Papannapet Samsthanam (kingdom), about 70 kilometres from the district headquarters, has been located in a hilly area of this small village. The locals inform that Rani Shankaramma constructed the fort in 1760 which consists of Devidi (residential place for the inmates of the fort) and Chavidi (meeting place).

Due to negligence, the fort has been covered with overgrown bushes and most of its structure has been ruined. One cooking room collapsed about six years ago and a small room, expectedly a pooja room, exists without roof. Some of the boulders, used for the construction of the fort, have been taken away for use by the locals.

http://avadhanir.blogspot.com/2012/12/shankaramma-fort-shrouded-in-negligence.html

Sadashivpet - Sarvatobhadra town design

Sadashivpet or Sadasivapet is a town in Sangareddy district of Telangana, was planned on the basis of ‘Sarvatobhadra’ town design.

Sarvatobhadra is typically suited for big towns and villages, where the site selected for planning a town/village is a square If you log on to Google Earth to search Sadasivapet, a town in Sangareddy district of Telangana, you will be surprised to find an exhilarating chequered square locket studded with diamonds tagged to a black cord that is national Highway No.9 connecting Hyderabad and Mumbai, surrounded by natural landscape.

This town conceived and founded by Rani Lingayamma daughter of Sadashiva Reddy (1632-1650) during her regime between 1680-1692. Raminedu, one of the ancestors of Sadashiva Reddy was gifted Kalpagooru Pargana by Sultan Ferosah of Bahmani Sultanate during 1400 – 1450 AD after the downfall of Recherla Padmanayaka Kings, who ruled the present Medak area.

Kakatiya kings reigned this area prior to the conquer by the Sultans - Andole was the capital and Sadashiva Reddy was the 5th ruler in the hierarchy of Raminedu. The present population is 45,500 as per 2011 census. The town is located at 1755 ft from sea level and its latitude and longitude are 17.400N and 77.580E respectively. In the ancient Vaastu texts like Manasara, Silparatna, Mayamata and Viswakarma Vaastu Shastra, different types of plans for Pattana, Nagaraa and Grama were described.

According to Manasara there are eight types of plans for designing towns

Dandaka
Sarvatobhadra,
Nandyavartha,
Padmaka,
Swastika,
Prastara,
Karmuka,
Chaturmukha.

Sadasivapet is planned as Sarvatobhadra type. This type of plan is adopted to design larger villages and also towns, where the selected site is a square. It is chessboard pattern town (grid-iron) with 10 divisions on each side making total 100 divisions facing to coordinal points.

In the ancient days if it is adopted by a town then a fort wall was constructed around it with ramparts and moat all around, but for villages, rampant and moat were not necessary.

The central space called Brahmasthana should be occupied by a temple.

Sadasivapet is divided into 10 divisions on each side. It is surrounded by a fort wall with four gates on four sides. The roads are laid exactly facing North – South and East-West direction. In central Space, which is called Brahmastana according to the Vaastu Shastras, a temple for Shiva was constructed.

The specialty of this town is, it is satisfying the requirements of Koorma Vrusta Vaastu. In this, the central place (Brahmastana) will be at a higher level and the four sides and four corner points will be at low level.

The central point of Sadasivapet is 25 feet elevated from the periphery. This is an eye-opener to the present day Vaastu Pandits who preach day and night that south-west (Niruthi) of the site must be higher and Northeast (Eeshanya) should be at lower level.

This town is occupied by houses of various descriptions and inhabited by all classes of people as prescribed by Manasara.

Jaipur Four to five decades after the founding of Sadasivapet, the old Jaipur in Rajasthan, was founded on November 17, 1727 by King Sawai Jai Singh (1700-1743). The architect for conceiving the plan of that town was Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Many scholars have attributed the basic concept plan of Old Jaipur as being a Prastara type of mandala mentioned in Manasara, one of the ancient treatises on Hindu town planning. The scholars say that Prastara plan is both square or oblong in form and divided into four, nine or 16 major wards by an appropriate number of roads, which run East-West and North-South and the wards in turn planned as a chessboard pattern. Wards with the larger size plots are for people of higher ranks while the smaller plots are inhabited by people of lower ranks.

In 1946, M Fayazuddin, the then town planner to the Nizam’s local government published a surveyed map of Sadasivapet showing the road pattern and physical development. This plan shows vacant areas in South-East and North-East corners utilised for cultivation. A temple is shown in the centre of the city which is called Brahmastana(at present there is no such temple) and to the south East corner of Brahmastana ward is shown occupied by Gadi, which is supposed to be occupied by the ruler of the town. And different wards were shown as occupied by Vyshyas, Gold Smiths, Black Smiths, Stone Cutters, Kassabins (Katika), Hunters, Weekly Market, etc.

The highest contour level is 1785 at the centre of the town, 1760 near the periphery of the town. The town was encircled with a fort wall comprising four gates on four sides leading to Nandi Kandi on East, Siddapuram on South, Kohir on West, Atmakur on North. Presently, there are no such gateways.

After scrutinising the town map in Google Earth and the map prepared by M Fayazuddin, it is found that during the last six decades buildings have come up in the cultivated lands and spread outside the fort walls in a haphazard manner due to the urbanisation. One more unique thing of Sadasivpet is the usage of ancient land measuring unit called Nivarthana for each ward.

Nivarthana is an area measuring unit in the medieval period. One 40 yds x 40 yds. This was mentioned in Abhona plates inscription of the Kalachuri ruler Sankaragana of 597 AD. (Source 1) Most of the wards of this town confirm to the Nivarthana measurement served by roads of 5 dandas (30ft) of width. Two main roads passing through the center of the town are 6 dandas (36ft). Generally, in town planning, the method of using rectangular blocks is in vogue. For instance, the contemporary Indian city, Chandigarh is planned with rectangular blocks measuring half a mile by three-fourth mile. But using square blocks is a unique concept. Further study regarding the sub-division of these blocks may reveal some innovative concept of ancient day Indian Planning.

In independent India, no other ancient city other than Jaipur invited so much attention from the scholars, architects and town planners for its unique town planning based on the tenets of Vaastu Shastras. But only a few know that there is also one ancient town called Sadasivapet in Telangana built as per the principles of ancient science called Vaastu Shastras based on ancient land measuring unit, Nivarthana.

The Government should take appropriate action to conserve this town for its uniqueness in town planning for the posterity.

By: Avala Buchi Reddy The writer is former chairman of Indian Institute of Architects A.P. Chapter (1992-94).

https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-03-18/Sadasivpet-A-unique-ancient-town/287741?infinitescroll=1

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