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Jogulamba Gadwal District History

Jogulamba Gadwal district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. The administrative headquarters of the district is located at Gadwal. The district shares boundaries with Narayanpet, Wanaparthy districts and with the state boundary of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.

The district was carved out from Mahabubnagar district in 2016.

Part of Ayije-300 or Aize-300 or Ayaje-300 or Ayaja-300 in olden times.

c.550 AD - 753 AD : Badami Chalukyas (543 AD - 753 AD) 
Pulakeshin I defeated Vakataka Dynasty in c.550 AD. Pulakeshin II defeated Durjaya Dynasty in 611 AD and defeated Vishnukundins in 611 / 624 AD.

655 AD - 680 AD : Vikramaditya I 
Baladitya Maharaja
Vikramaditya I was the third son and followed his father, Pulakesi II on to the Chalukya throne. He restored order in the fractured kingdom and made the Pallavas retreat from the capital Vatapi.

30th April, 660 AD : Amidelpadu near Alampur.
Telugu-Kannada, (Script) and Sanskrit (Language).
Amudalapadu plates of Vikramaditya I, year 5

The object of the inscription is to restored the grant of the village of Iparumka, situated in Vamguravadi-vishaya, by Maharajadhiraja Paramesvara Vikramaditya Satyasraya Sri Prithivi Vallabha (i.e. Vikramaditya I), when he was stationed at the village of Marruva in favour of Sudarshanacharya in payment of guru-dakshina on the occasion of the king`s Siva-mandala-diksha on the full-moon day of Vaisakha in the fifth year of his reign.

The characters belong to the old Telugu-Kannada alphabet and closely resemble those of the published records of the issuer of the charter, viz. Chalukya Vikramaditya I (655-81 A.D.) of Badami. 

King Vikramaditya I, the issuer of the charter is stated to have overthrown, with the help of his charger Chitrakantha and his sharp sword, the three kings who were responsible for the disappearance of his father`s royal fortune and to have restored the properties belonging to gods and Brahmans in the kingdoms of the said three kings who had confiscated them. The above introductory part of the record is concluded with a stanza saying that king Anivarita- Vikaramaditya (i.e. Vikramaditya I) recovered the prosperity of his family as a result of his conquests over many adversaries in different directions. This verse is found in the earlier characters of the king, while the later Gadwal (674 A.D.) plates add to it four more stanzas referring to his success against his three adversaries belonging to the Pallava royal family of Kanchi.

It is clear that the Chalukya king underwent Saiva-diksha, i.e. initiation into the Saiva faith, at the hands of his guru or preceptor Sudrsanacharya who received the village as his dakshina or perquisite for the performance of the initiation ceremony. It is further stated that the Acharya distributed plots of land in the gift village among the following twentyseven Brahmanas: (1)Rudra Sivacharya of the Kasyapa gotra: (2)Gayatrisiva of the Kaundinya gotra; (3) Sivasvamin of the Harita gotra; (4) Gollabhatti of the Bharadvaja gotra; (5)Paramasiva of the same Bharadvaja gotra; (6) Vananasvamin of the Kaushika gotra; (7) Kesavasvamin of the same Kaushika gotra; (8) Kokilasvamin of the Maitreya gotra ; (9-10) Narayana and Vamana of the Kasyapa gotra; (11) Revasarman of the Samkrityyana gotra; (12-15) Rudrasarman, Revasarman, Adityasarman and Ttasarman of the Kasyapa gotra; (16-19) Bhimasarman, Durgasarman, Bhoyisarman and Badisarman of the Bharadvaja gotra; (20) Nagasarman of the Kaundinya gotra; (21) Brahmasarman of the Bharadvaja gotra; (22) Adityasarman of the Sandilya gotra; (23) Ravisvamin of the Kasyapa gotra; (24) Sravanasimhasarman of the Kaushika gotra: (25) Damasvamin of the Bhalandana gotra; (26) Damodarasvamin of the Kasyapa gotra; and (27) Mandusarman of the Bharadvaja gotra.

Of these Brahmanas, Sravanasimhasarman is stated to have received two shades or plots of land, probably implying thereby that the others received only one share each. It seems that one share of land was also allowed to Sudarshanacharya`s wife. There is little doubt that the said Saivite Brahmmanas assisted Sudarshanacharya in the celebration of the diksha ceremony of Vikramaditya I. it may me noted that the king’s guru Sudarshanacharya has been mentioned without the name of his gotra. This was possibly due either to an oversight of the scribe or of the enlarger, or because he was an assertive who had renounced the world. The first alternativeis more probable since Sudarshana`s wife seems to be mentioned in the record.

The Nausari plates of the feudatory prince Satyasraya Siladitya. Dated 671 A.D., mentions Vikramaditya I as a Paramamahesvara and meditates on the feet of Sri-Nagavardhana who is believed to have been a god or a religious teacher. It is not impossible that the king`s guru Sudarsana was the head of a Saiva religious order and that Nagavardhana was one of his successors in that position. But the Talamanchi plates of Vikramaditya I speak of one, Sri Meghacharya of the Vasistha gotra, as his svaikya- guru, This issue of the charter is under study. This may suggest that Sudarsanacharya was suggested as head of the order or organisation in question, soon after king’s initiation, by Meghacharya who was probably himself succeeded by Nagavardhan. It is interesting to note that Meghacharya and Nagavardhan are not mentioned in the list of Brahmins who were benefited by the grant under discussion and do not therefore appear to have taken part in the initiation ceremony of the Chalukya king. Alternatively, it may be suggested that Meghacharya was the king’s shiksha-guru just as Sudarsana was his diksha-guru, though in such a case his relationship with Nagavarsdhana cannot be determined.

Of the geographical names mentioned in the inscription, Vanavasi and Uttarapatha are well-known. As suggested by Sarma, the village of Maura where the king was staying at the time of making the grant, may be one of the two localities called Chinna Marruru and Pedda Marruru on the bank of the Krishna in the present Kollapuram Taluk of the Jogulamba Gadwal District. There is a ruined temple at Chinna Marruru. It seems that the king visited the village for his initiation ceremony and that Sudarsanacharya was a resident of the said locality. The name of the Vamguravadi vishya seems to be preserved in that of the modern village called Vamguru in the Kalvaparti Taluk of the same District, about 40 miles from the village called Marruru. Pandit Sarma who published the inscription in the Bharati is inclined to identify Iparumkal with the present village of Vipanagamdala about 10 miles from the localities named Marruru.

15th April, 675 AD : Velnalli (Gadwal Plates), Alampur Taluk
This inscription is on a pillar in the Arkabrahma temple. Registers the gift of land at the instance of Gangamahadevi, probably a queen of Vikramaditya I to Kunda Sarma son of Svami Vanda Sarma, and grandson of Isvara Shadangavitha of Kasyapa gotra. The grant comprises land measuring an extent of 25 nivartanas according to rajamana (royal measure). Alongside, 25 nivartanas of land were given to Batamma Swami son of Talamma Swami, and grandson of Mahesvara Svami belonging to Srivatsa gotra. The grant was executed by maha sandhi vigrahi Sri Jayasena.

Ramapuram, Waddepalle Mandal, Jogulamba Gadwal district.
Engraved inscription in telugu, belonging to the reign of Vikramaditya (I), records gifts of land to Sankarasvamin, Ayicha-sarman, Reva-sarman and others belonging to the various gotras by Baladitya-maharaja who was apparently a feudatory of the king.

680 AD - 696 AD : Vinayaditya
27th April, 682 A.D : This inscription describing as usual the genealogy of the Chalukya family of Badami, belongs to the reign of Vinayaditya. It is dated Saka 604 equated to 27th April, 682 A.D, the king’s second regnal year, Vaisakha purnima, when the king was in his military camp at Banumgal.

27th April, 682 A.D: Paniyal (Pallipadu), Alampur Taluk
Registers the grant of the village Paniyal (Pallipadu), to a certain Madhava swami, well versed in Vedas, who was the son of Godarisvami and grandson of Priyankarasvami of Bharadvaja gotra, while the king was camping in the city of Banamkallu, identified with modern Panagallu in Nalgonda District.

682 AD : Pallepadu, Jogulamba Gadwal District
This inscription1 describing as usual the genealogy of the Chalukya family of Badami, belongs to the reign of Vinayaditya. It is dated Saka 604, the king’s second regnal year, Vaisakha purnima, when the king was in his military camp at Banumgal. This date may be approximately equated to A.D. 682.

It records the endowment of the village Paneyal on the southern bank of the river Krishna benna to Madhava swami of Bharadvaja gotra, who was well versed in the study of the vedas. The gift was made at the request of Swami Sivaraja.

713 AD : Alampur Inscription
Telugu-Kannada and Siddhamatrika.
This inscription was dated in Saka 635 (A.D. 713) in the reign of the Western Chalukya king Vijayaditya Satyasraya, one of the epigraphs is biscriptal, one version written in the Siddhamatrika script and the other in the Telugu-Kannada alphabet (pl. LVI A). It records the construction of an enclosure by a certain Isanacharva.

Another epigraph belonging to the first regnal year of king Dharavarsha (Dhruva) records a gift of three hundred and sixty mattar of land to the goddess Durga-bhattaraki of Alampura and the construction of the main gateway (sri-vagilu), etc. and mentions Bala- varmarasa as administering Alampura and Somadi-bhatta as holding the matha-patya of the place.

733 AD 746 AD : Vikramaditya II
Son of King Vijayaditya and ascended the Badami Chalukya throne following the death of his father. This information comes from the Lakshmeshwar inscriptions in Kannada dated 13 January 735 A.D.

746 AD - 753 A.D : Kirtivarman II
Kirtivarman II also known as Rahappa succeeded his father Vikramaditya II. His reign was continuously troubled by the growing power of the Rashtrakutas and finally succumbed to them.

753 AD - 973 AD : Rashtrakuta defeated Badami Chalukyas in 753 AD.
Founder : Dantidurga
Capitals : Manyakheta
Languages : Kannada, Sanskrit
Religion : Jainism, Hinduism

753 AD - 756 AD : Dantidurga (735 AD - 756 AD) occupied all territories between the Godavari and Vima. Dantidurga is said to have conquered Kalinga, Kosala, Kanchi, Srisril, Malava, Lata etc.

756 AD - 774 AD : Krishna I
Dantidurga was succeeded by his uncle Krishna I. He conquered the territories that were still under the Chalukyas and thereby competed conquest of the Chalukya territories.

774 AD - 780 AD : Govinda II
Krishnaraja’s eventful career came to an end within a very short time and he was succeeded by his son Govindaraj who ruled for some time as Govinda II.

Alampur : This inscription is on a stone slab fixed in the Museum. The record relates to the period of Prabhuta Varsha Govinda II and states that a certain Srimara son of Botiya Begala caused the construction of a temple to the Sun god in Uttaresvara temple, for the prosperity of the emperor. The presence of this record in Alampur shows the advent of Rashtrakuta authority in this region.

780 AD - 793 AD : Dhruva brother of Govinda II
780 AD : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District
Telugu-Kannada and Siddhamatrika.
Epigraph belonging to the first regnal year of king Dharavarsha (Dhruva) records a gift of three hundred and sixty mattar of land to the goddess Durga-bhattaraki of Alampura and the construction of the main gateway (sri-vagilu), etc. and mentions Bala- varmarasa as administering Alampura and Somadi-bhatta as holding the matha-patya of the place.

793 AD - 814 AD : Govinda III
Dhruva was succeeded by Govinda III his son and with almost equal vigor as of his father.
Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District : This damaged inscription seems to refer to the construction of the shrine of the sun-god in the temple of Uttaresvara for the prosperity of the king Prabhutavarsha by Srimara son of Botiya Begala. Prabhutavarsha was the title assumed by three Rashtrakuta rulers of Malkhed, bearing the name Govinda. This was probably Govinda III (A.D. 792-814).

Alampur : This inscription is on a slab placed in the local museum. Damaged. Seems to record the construction of the shrine of the god Aditya in the Uttar vara temple by Srimara, son of Sabetiyabe. In characters of about the 9th Century.

926-27 AD : Kannada.
This Kannada inscription, engraved on the upper and lower frames of the Gaja-Lakshmi panel fixed into the wall of the mandapa near the Siva temple outside the village, is dated Saka 848. Sarvajit (A.D. 926-27) states that it was caused by Poravana-gavunda.

1051 AD : Gamgayya
21st October, A.D. 1051 : Alampur Museum
Telugu : The inscription is in another slab fixed in the Museum and it begins with a reference to the pontifical reign of Panchadasi Hataraka, the maha sthanadhipati (the chief priest) of the temple of Brahmesvaradeva, the lord of all the worlds, who manifested himself at Hatampuram (Alampur). Then it proceeds to state that while Trailokyamalladeva (Somesvara I) was ruling the kingdom of the earth, the Pandita Bhatara together with his son Pancharasi gifted, in the presence of the servants of Pancharasi-bhatara, to the Chaturjataka ascetic, some land and his house as a vritti on S. 973, Khara, Karttika Punpamu (su. 15) Somavara (Monday, 21st October, A.D. 1051; su. 14. expired at 46 and su. 15 commenced). The inscription is written by Gamgayya.

22th October A.D. 1051 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District
The epigraph commences with an allusion to the sway of Pancharasi Bhattaraka, Mahasthanadhipati of the god Brahmesvara, the sole lord of the universe, renowned through his manifestation in the excellent Hatampura.

The inscription next mentions the reign of the western Chalukya king Trailokyamalla Somesvara I. It cites the date Saka (973); Khara, Karttika Purnima, Monday, which may be equated to A.D. 1051, October 22, the weekday being Tuesday. It seems to register a gift by the attendants of pancharasi.

4th February, A.D. 1055. : Telugu and Sanskrit.
This inscription is dated S. 976, Jaya, Phalguna su. 5 Saturday, A.D. 1055, Feb. 4. Registers a gift of land Kasi (ganna ?) Bhoja by Somesvara rasi Bhattaraka, mahasthanapati of the god Brahmesvara.

Telugu Cholas of the Pedakallu branch

1056 AD - 1060 AD : Irugana Choda Maharaja
1056 AD : After this, Chidda-Chola appears as a feudatory of Somesvara II in a record of 1073-74 A.D. representing him as governing the four divisions called Kanne-300, Pedekal-300, Naruvadi-500 and Ayaje-300. It has been already observed that our inscription refers to him as governing the four divisions of which only Kanne-nadu is mentioned. The remaining three divisions were, therefore, Pedekal 800, Naruvadi-500 and Ayaje-300. It may be pointed out in this connection, that one Irugan chola of the same family appears as a feudatory of Somesvara I in the records of 1056-57 A.D. probably as governing the same four divisions while a certain Bijna-chola maharaja figures as governing the said divisions as a feudatory of Vikramaditya VI in 1078 A.D. 

19th January A.D. 1057 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District : Western Chalukya
This inscription refers to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Trailokyamalla Somesvara I. It is dated Saka 971, which is a mistake for 978, Durmukhi, Magha s`u. 11, Sunday. This corresponds to A.D. 1057, January 19.

The epigraph introduces the king’s feudatory Mahamandalesvara Irugana Chola- maharaja, of Karikala’s lineage. At the instance of this chief, his tolls officer, Sunka-vergade. Lokamanikasetti made a gift of income from specified tolls to the god Brahmesvara when Mahasthanadhipati Brahmarasi Bhattaraka was holding charge of the religious foundation.

1060 - 1078 AD : Chidda Cholamaharaja
Alampur  Inscription : The earliest mention of the chief which I have been able to trace occurs in a record of Somesvara I dated in 1059-60 A.D. when he was governing the Sindavadi-1000 division. Next he refers to it in a record of the same king dated in 1067-68 A.D. as governing the division of Ayaje-300.

2nd June A.D. 1060 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District
This inscription refers to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Trailokyamalla Somesvara I from Kalyana. It is dated Saka 98[2], Sarvari, Ashadha s`u. 1, Thursday. This date corresponds to A.D. 1060, June 2, the week-day being Friday.

It registers the endowment of land to Tribhuvanasakti Pandita of Papavinas’s for the education of ascetics, made by Pergada Davapayya on the occasion of the Pavitrarohana ceremony.

1067 AD : Of the inscriptions of the Later Chalukyas, one, dated Saka 989 (A.D. 1067) and belonging to the reign of king Trailokyamalladeva (Somesvara I) refers to his feudatory Maha- mandalesvara Chiddanachola-maharaja as governing Ayaje-300 and records a gift of three hundred gadyanas of gold at the rate of one gadyana fan each village in the said division to the temple of Brahmesvara at Alampura.

25th December A.D. 1067 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District 
This inscription commences with a description of the god Brahmesvara the sole lord of the universe, renowned through in the excellent Hantampura.

Next refers itself to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Trailokyamalla Somesvara I. It is dated Saka 989, Plavanga, Uttarayana-sankranti. In the said year Sankranti occurred on Pausha ba. 2 Tuesday, corresponding to A.D. 1067, December 25.

It introduced the king's feudatory Mahamandalesvara Chiddana Chola-Maharaja who was governing that tract of Ayaje-Three-Hundred. The epigraph records a gift of gold income to the god Brahmesvara of Alampur, adorning the western entrance of Sri Parvata, by Kosanaya, the Saudhore of the tract and other officials. The gift was received by Mahasthanadhipati Brahmarshi Bhattaraka of the religious establishment.

24th April A.D. 1073 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District 
After the usual invocation to the god Brahmesvara of Hatampura, this inscription refers to the reign of the Western-Chalukya king Bhuvanaikamalla Somesvara II from Bankapura. It is dated Saka 995, Pramadi, Vaisakha purnima, Monday lunar eclipse. This date corresponds to A.D. 1073, April 24, the week-day being Wednesday.

It introduces the king`s feudatory, Mahamandalesvara Chiddana Chola maharaja of Karikala`s lineage, who was governing the four tracts, comprising Kanne-Three-Hundred, Pedakal-Eignt-Hundred, Naravadi-Five-Hundred, and Ayaje-Three-Hundred.

The epigraph registers an endowment of land made by this chief to the god Brahmesvara of Alampur after leaving the feet of Mahasthanadhipati Brahmarasi Bhattaraka of the religious foundation.

28th December 1074 A.D. : Bichapalli, Alampur Taluk, Mahabubnagar district. : Western Chalukya.
Sanskrit and Kannada.
The date of the inscription occurs in lines 25-33 as Saka 996, Ananda, Pushya su. 8, Sunday. The date corresponds to the 28th December 1074 A.D. king's feudatory Mahamandalesvara Chidda-cholamabaraja as governing the four divisions, of which only the Kanne-nadu is mentioned, after obtaining them, evidently from the king, as a fief called vila-vritti, the exact significance of which is not known. The chief is stated to have undertaken an expedition (dig- vijaga) against a certain Seguna probably Seunachandra II (1050 AD - 1074 AD) and to have defeated and captured him.

1075 AD - 1076 AD Two other inscriptions, both belonging to the reign of Bhuvanaikamalla (Somesvara II), are dated Saka 997 (A.D. 1075) and 998 (A.D. 1076) respectively. 
The former mentions Mahamandalesvara Chiddanachola-maharaja as the feudatory governing Kanne-300, while the latter refers to Dandanayaka Naranamayya of Vatsa-kula. 

9th April A.D. 1076 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District 
This inscription commences with a description of the god Brahmesvara, the sole lord of the universe, renowned through his manifestation in the excellent Hatampura.

Next it refers to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Bhuvanaikamalla Somesvara II. It is dated Saka 998, Nala, Vaisakha s`u. 3, Sunday. This date corresponds to A.D. 1076, April 9, the week-day being Saturday.

It registers gift of income from Vaddaravula tax in the four regions to the god Brahmesvara of Alampur, adorning the western entrance of Sri Parvata by Dandanayaka Naranamayya, officer in charge of Vaddaravula. The gift was received by Mahasthanadhipati (superintendent of the great religious establishment) Brahmarasi Bhattaraka.

1078 AD : A fourth epigraph belonging to king Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramaditya VI) is dated in the Chalukya-Vikrama year 2 (A.D. 1077-78) and mentions the king's feuda-tory Malla- maharaja of the Vaidumba family, who was governing Ayaje-300. These subordinates of the king figure in the epigraphs as donors to the temple of Brahmesvara at Alampura.

1078 AD - 1081 AD: Malla Maharaja of Vaidumba Family
He is said to be the lord of Kalukadapura governing the district of Ayaje three hundred. 
25th December, A.D. 1078 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District 
After extolling the god Brahmesvara as usual, the inscription refers to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI. It is dated the Chalukya-Vikrama year 2, Kalayukta, Pushya ba. 3, Monday, Uttarayana-Sankranti. The said Sankranti in the specified year occurred on A.D. 1078, December 25, one day later than the details cited.

The epigraph introduces the king's feudatory Mahamandalesvara Mall Maharaja of the Vaidumba family, lord of the foremost town of Kalkade, who was governing the tract of Ayaje- Three-Hundred. It registers an endowment to Somesvara-rasi Bhattaraka, Mahasthanadhipati of the religious foundation, for the benefit of the god Brahmesvara of Alampur.

20th June A.D. 1080 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District : Western Chalukya
After praising the god Brahmesvara as usual, the inscription refers to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI from Kalyana. It cites the Chalukya-Vikrama year (lost), Raudri, Jyeshtha amavasya, solar eclipse. In the said cyclic year during the king's reign, the solar eclipse, as specified, occurred on A.D. 1080, June 20.

It introduces with a string of epithets the king`s feudatory, Mahamandalesvara Malla- maharaja of the vaidumba family, lord of the foremost town of Kalukade who was administering the district of Ayaje-Three-Hundred. The charter seems to register the gift of a village to Mahasthanadhipati Brahmarasi Bhattaraka for the benefit of the god Brahmesvara of Alampur. The epigraph being damaged, some details are lost.

1081 AD  - 1089 AD : Hallavarasa
27th December A.D. 1087 : Puduru, Gadwal 
This inscription is on a slab in the outskirts of the village. States that while Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI was ruling in happiness the kingdom of the earth from his Nelevidu at Kalyana, his subordinate mahamandalesvara Hallavarasar installed an image of Parsvanatha and granted the land which was kept in the hands of Jain preceptor Padmanandi Muladhara.

25th, December A.D. 1087 : Pudur, Jogulamba Gadwal District.
This inscription refers to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamallla Vikramaditya VI from Kalyanapura. It is dated the Chalukya Vikrama year [11] Prabhava, Pushya amavasya, Sunday, Uttarayana Sankranti. This year's date is irregular. In the said cyclic year the Sankranti occurred on Pausha ba. 13, Saturday, corresponding to A.D. 1087, December 25.

It introduces the King's feudatory Mahamandalesvara Hallavarasa of Pundur, who was Jaina by persuasion and assumed the characteristic titles, Master of the throne of Ayodhya and Lord of Kembukundurpura. This chief made gifts of land, graden’s, house-sites, etc. to the Pallava Jinalaya of Dravila Sangha by laying the feet of his preceptor Kanakasena Bhattaraka.

1089AD : Vallabarasa
A.D. 1089 (C.V. Prabhava, Telangana Ins. No. cha.28) we find a record of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI, mentioning a subordinate called Mahamandalesvara Vallabarasa, granting lands.

1097 AD - 1110 AD : Mallarasa or Mallikarjunachoda brother of Tonda II
Lord of Kodurapura
16th January A.D. 1097 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District
After the usual invocation to the god Brahmesvara of Hatampura, this damaged inscription refers itself to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI. It is dated the Chalukya-Vikrama year 21, Dhatu, Magha s`u (1), Friday, solar eclipse. In the specified year, a solar eclipse occurred on Pushya Amavasya, Friday. This would be equivalent to A.D. 1097, January 16.

It introduces the king's feudatory Mahamandalesvara (Malla ?)ya Cholamaharaja, of Karikala`s lineage. The epigraph records an endowment made by this chief to the god Brahmesvara of Alampur by laving the feet of Mahasthanadhipati Brahmarasi Bhattaraka of the religious foundation.

27th December A.D. 1106 : Alampur.
This inscription is on a slab set up in front of Bala Brahma temple. Records the gift of Pedakallu-800 by mahamandalesvara Ghaṭiyanka Kara Cholamaharaja, for anga and ranga bhoga, repairs, renovation and white washing, the daily rituals of God Brahmesvaradeva as sarvanamasya after washing the feet of mahasthanadhipati Dharanindra rasi pandita.

25th December A.D. 1107 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District : Western Chalukya
This inscription refers to the reign of the Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI. It is dated the Chalukya-Vikrama year 32, Sarvajit, Uttarayana-Sankranti. In the specified year the said Sankranti occurred on A.D. 1107, December 25, Wednesday. It introduces the king's feudatory Mahamandalesvara Mallarasa, lord of the foremost town of Kodur, this chief made a gift of the income accruing from certain taxes and fines collected in the village Kandanavolal on the Tungabhadra to the god Brashmesvara of Alampur after leaving the feet of Mahasthanadhipati Dharanindrarasi Pandita of the religious foundation. Kandanavolal is apparently modern Kurnool.

1107 AD : Alampur
This is a Telugu Chola inscription of the time of Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chilukyas of Kalyani dated in the Chilukya Vikrama year, 31 Vyaya, Uttarayana Sankranti from a stone slab unearthed recently near the Balabrahmesvara temple in the village of Alampur
Registers a grant of land, a village whose name is lost (la..madu) in Pedakallu-500 for the worship of the god and for the maintenance of the temple Brahmēsvara at Alampur, entrusted to the care of the priest of the place (? stanadhipati) Dharanindrarási Pandita, after washing his feet.

1110 AD : Chikkarasa of Jimutavahana family - Silahara chiefs
25th December A.D. 1110 : Alampur.
This inscription is on a slab in the local museum, dated Chalukya. Vikrama 35, Vikriti, Pushya, su. 13, Monday, Uttarayana. Sankranti=1110 A.D., December 25. The weekday, however, was Sunday. Damaged. Records some gift to the same god by Mahamandalesvara Chikkarasa of the Jimutavahana family at the instance of the chief queen. Dharanindrarasi- bhattaraka was the recipient of the gift.

1110 AD - 1112 AD : Mahamandalesvara Bikkarasa of Jimutavahana-kula, the lord of Tagarapura - Silahara chiefs
22th December A.D. 1110 : Alampur.
This inscription is on a slab lying in the Museum. Damaged. This inscription states that by an order of the latter, mahamandalesvara Bikkarasa of Jimutavahana-kula, the lord of Tagarapura, having washed the feet of Dharan indra rasi pandita, the mahasthanadhipati of Brahmesvaradeva temple made some gift for the anga-bhoga to the god. The record was engraved by Sarvasi Bhatta.

1112 AD : Alampur Museum,
This inscription is on a slab fixed in the Museum. Damaged. The inscription opens with an invocation of Brahmesvaradeva; then, it mentions Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalladeva and his chief queen; next, it proceeds to state that by an order of the latter, Mahamandalesvara Bikkarasa of Jimutavahana-kula, the lord of Tagarapura, having washed the feet of Dharanindrarasi Pandita, the mahasthanadhipati of Brahmesvaradeva's temple made some gift in C.V. 35 Vikriti, Pushya su. 10. So..........Uttarayana sankranti (A.D.1112) for the anga-bhoga of the god

1112 AD - 1116 AD : Mallarasa lord of Kodurapura
1114-1115 AD : Alampur
This inscription is at the main entrance of Brahmesvaralaya. It records a gift for the renovation, white washing, anga - bhogas and five rituals of the God Brahmesvara deva, to Sthanadhipati Vitaranendra rasi pandita by mahamandalesvara Sri Mallarasa.


1136 AD - 1154 AD: Pallava III or Hallavarasa of Pundur
Pallava II or Dekabbarasi
Govindara or Ketalambarasi 

1136 AD : Two of them from Maddurum in Kannada, refer to maha-pradhana danda-navaka Rudrabhattopadhyaya as the aradhya of the king, i.e. Vikramaditya VI of the Chalukya family, and governor of Ayije-300 division. Maha-samanta Hallavarasa of Pundur and maha- mandalesvara Kavana-chola-maharaja of the Telugu-Choda family figure in two other records as the feudatories of the same king. The former of these two made a gift of land in Madduru and Rekaluru for worship of the god Chintaka-Rechesvara and also for the maintenance of musicians and artists.

25th June A.D. 1151 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District
This inscription is from the two sides of a pillar from Yoga-Narasimha temple. Records a gift of land to god Madhavadeva by Chakama, wife of Nagadeva-nayaka who was the padihara (pratihara) of Mahamandalesvara Hallavarasa.

26th June A.D. 1151 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District
Trihuvanamalla, Tailapa III
This inscription refers to the reign of Western Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla. It is dated Saka 1075, Prajapati, Ashadha s.u. 11, Monday. The Saka year cited must be a mistake for 1073. In the cyclic year rajapati, the said tithi occurred on A.D. 1151, June 26, the week- day being Tuesday. Tribhuvanamalla was the familiar title of Vikramaditya VI; but he does not seem to have been ment here. Unless it is a clerical error, the other possibilities would be to treat this title as referring to either Jagadekamalla II (A.D. 1138-51) or his son Taila III (A.D. 1151-62).

The epigraph registers a gift of land to the god Madhava, made Chakama, wife of Nagadeva-nayaka holding the office of door-keeper of Mahamandalesvara Hallavarasa.

1153 AD : Alampur,
This inscription is dated S. 1075 (mistake for 1073), Prajapati. Registers a gift of land to god Madhava by Chakama, wife of Nagadeva Nayaka holding the office of door keeper of Mahamandalesvara Hallavarasa.

1164 AD - 1181 AD : Kalachuri dynasty of Kalyani
1180 AD - 1183 AD : Ahavamalla
11th January, A.D. 1182 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District :
This inscription is of the time of the Kalachuri king Ahavamalla, son of Bijjala. It cites the date, his 4th regnal year, Magha s.u. 5, Monday. This date regularly corresponds to A.D. 1182, January 11.

It states that the representatives of the trading corporation of Ayyavale-Five-Hundred, Ubhaya-Nanadesis, Mummuridandas of Thirty-six Bidus, Kannada-Four-Thousand and the chief men of the business centres like Trumbula, Gobbur, Maddur and Alampur, assembled in a conference and made the gift of income derived from tools on various transactions to the Gavaresvara Kesava-rasi, Sthanapati of the temple received the gift.

1199 AD - 1253 AD : Cheraku Bolla II or Cheraku Bollayya Reddy
1262 AD : Alampur inscription records the renovation of a pillar (kambam) of the temple of Brahmesvaradeva by Bammisetti for the merit of Cheraku-Murari Ketaya, Danay-Murari Immadi-Devaya, Dushtarankusa Annaya and Jagadala Marayya.

1253 AD - 1265 AD : Immadi Visvanatha son of Cheraku Bollayya or Bolla II

1265 AD - 1270 AD : Immadi Devaya II son of Immadi Visvanatha

1271 AD - 1305 AD : Immadi Bolla IV

1336 AD - 1485 AD : Sangama Dynasty of Vijayanagara
Founded of Harihara and Bukka

1422 AD - 1424 AD : Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya 
1424 AD - 1446 AD : Deva Raya II 

1446 AD - 1468 AD : Mallikarjuna Raya
1464 AD : Alampur 
This inscription is dated S. 1386 (9), Sarvajit, Magha, ba. 14, Monday, Sivaratri. Records the gift of the village Sarangapura to the head of the religious establishment of Sarangesvara Matha viz, Peddakuppasakanthadeva by Pedakachappodaya at the command of the king. The gift estate was approved by Kadali Bhikshavrtti Ayyangaru, the pontiff of Srisaila throne, by crediting 500 varahas into the treasury of Mallikarjuna.

1467 A.D : Alampur
This inscription is of the time of the Vijayanagara king Mallikarjuna. It is dated Saka 138[9], Sarvajit, Magha ba. 14, Mondy, Sivaratri. This date regularly corresponds to February 22. The epigraph records the endowment of the village Sarangapura to the head of the religious establishment of Sarangesvara-matha, Viz. Peddakuppa-sakanthadeva by Peda Kachapppodeya at the command of the king. The gift estate was purchased earlier with the approval of Kadali-Bhikshavritti-Ayyangaru, the pontiff of the Srisaila throne, by creaditing 500 varahas into the treasury of the god Mallikarjuna

27th February A.D. 1468 : Alampur
On the command of Mallikarjuna Raya and with the permission of Kadali biksha vritti lyyengar seated on Srisaila simhasana Peda Kachappodayalu garu, constructed a village called Sarangapura in the fields of Naramarilla and made it over to Kemidevuni veerayya, the Saranga matadhipati for the merit of his guru and parents.

1465 AD - 1485 AD : Virupaksha Raya II 

Vijayanagara Empire (Saluva dynasty) 
1485 - 1491 : Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya 
1491 AD - 1505 AD : Narasimha Raya II or Immadi Narasimha
29th February A.D. 1504.  : Wanaparthy

Vijayanagara Empire (Tuluva dynasty) 
1505 AD - 1509 AD : Viranarasimha Raya
1509 AD - 1529 AD : Sri Krishna Deva Raya 
Gaura Danayanka Basavapayya
4th May, A.D. 1516  : Nelakondapalli, Khammamet taluk
The following inscription is on three sides of a pillar now planted in the compound of the local library at Nelakondapalli. It is in Telugu prose and records the grant of land to some shrines in Kondapalli, on the orders of Kondamarusayya, who ruled in this region as governor in the reign of Krsna-deva-raya of Vijayanagara.

The actual reconquest by the Gajapati king is proved by the fact that this region was in his Kingdom at the time of Krsna-deva-raya's invasion. Nalagonda (modern Nalgonda), Khammamet. and Khandikonda (Mabbababad  district), are referred to among others, important places in the Gajapati kingdom which Krsna-deva-raya captured.

16th January, 1521 A.D.  : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District
This inscription refers to the Vijayanagara king Vira-Krishnaraya and cites the date Saka 1443, Vrisha, Ashadha s`u. 12. This corresponds to A.D. 1521, January 16, the week-day being Sunday, not mentioned in the record. The epigraph records the endowment of two villages, Chennunipadi and Velampadu, to the god Brahmesvara of Alampur by Gauradanayamkara Narayana of Harita gotra for the religious merit of the king. The gift was made at the instance of Gauradanayamkara Basavapayya who was invested with the authority of Ambaradananayaka over Alampuru-sime by Vira-Krishnaraya after the letter`s subjugation of Rachuru as a result of his successful military campaign in the north.

The god Brahmesvara also called Bala-Brahmesvara, is described in this record as having manifested himself in the excellent Alampur. This statement establishes the identity of Hatampura in other records with Alampur. This place is mentioned as Dakshina Varanasi and Kasi-kshetra on the bank of the Tungabhadra. 

3rd March A.D. 1527 : Alampur
It is a copper plate at Brahmesvara temple. Registers the gift of a village Chennupalli of Alampura sima, for anga ranga vaibhava of Navabrahmesvara by Chinnapeddinayudu, son of Bhudaram Peddinayudu,. Śrī krishnadevaraya Chinnapeddinayudu a palegar of Alampur sima.

23rd April A.D. 1529. : Alampur
This inscription is on the slab in the compound of Chennakesava temple. Records the gift of village Pusalapadu also known as Krishnapuram in Alampuri sima, for the Amuruta padi of Chennakesavadeva of Chennipadu on lunar eclipse by Chandrasekharayya son of Annaji Ayya, for the merit of his over lord Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara and his minister Timmarasayya. The record ends with lengthy imprecatory verses.

Bukka Polavi Reddy


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Wanaparthy District History

Wanaparthy district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Its headquarters is Wanaparthy. The district shares boundaries with Gadwal, Mahabubnagar, Narayanpet, Nagarkurnool districts and with the state boundary of Andhra pradesh.

It was carved out of Mahabubnagar district.

 c.550 AD - 753 AD : Badami Chalukyas (543 AD - 753 AD) Pulakeshin I defeated Vakataka Dynasty in c.550 AD. Pulakeshin II defeated Durjaya Dynasty in 611 AD and defeated Vishnukundins in 611 / 624 AD.


655 AD - 680 AD : Vikramaditya I 
Vikramaditya I was the third son and followed his father, Pulakesi II on to the Chalukya throne. He restored order in the fractured kingdom and made the Pallavas retreat from the capital Vatapi.

13th April, 660 AD : mudalapadu (Iparumkal), Kollapur
Sanskrit. Registered the grant of the village Iparumkal situated in Vamguravati Vishaya by Vikramaditya I while he was camping at the village Marrura. The grant was made in favour of one Sudarsanacharya towards guru dakshina on the occasion of the king's Sivamandaladiksha on the full moon day of the Vaisakha month.

The village Marrura is identified with Chinnamarur and Peddamarur on the bank of river Krishna in the Kollapur taluka of Nagarkurnool district. 

The Vanguruvati vishaya is identified with village Vanguru of Wanaparti district. Iparumkal village is identified with Vippanagandla which is twelve miles from Marrura.

It is interesting to note that this inscription refers to the rituals of Sivamandaladiksha that were prevalent in those days. Vikramaditya I seems to have been the first ruler of the Badami line of Western Chalukya kings to patronise Saivism

1058 AD - 1077 AD Sankaragandarasa of Rashtrakuta
Manthati : This inscription is on a hill called Bayyanagutta outside the village. Records the installation of God Bhairava in Wanaparthy by Attikabbe, wife of Mesavala Ketaya mantri, ankakara Sankaraganda of Kanduru. This is the earliest reference to modern Wanaparti.

Nalla Bhimadeva-Choda
Upparapalli, Ghanpur Mandal, Wanaparthy
This Telugu inscription in the characters of the twelfth century A.D. is engraved on a stone lying in the field of Sudhakar Reddy. Dated in the cyclic year Hemalambi, it refers to the Kanduri-Choda chief, Nalla Bhima Deva-Choda, who is described as mahamandalesvara, Kodurpuravaresvara and as one who belongs to Surva-vamsa, Kasyapa-gotra and Karikala- anvaya. It registers the grant of lands by his queen Venna-mahadevi for the worship and food offerings to the deity Nrisimhadeva of Mavindlapalli. On the occasion of uttarayana- samkranti, for the merit of the chief.

1278 AD : Annama Raja
12th November A.D. 1278 : Pamapur, Wanaparthy 
This inscription is outside the village near Streamlet. Records the grant of Borra Sunkas (taxes) of the village of Ponnamuchha by a certain Annamaraju, for the merit of Rudradeva (Rudramadevi).

Bahmani Sultanate (1347 AD - 1527 AD)
Founder : Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu or Allauddin Hassan or Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah

1494 AD : Mahmood Shah Bahmani II (Mar 26, 1482 - Dec 27, 1518 AD)
1494 AD : Ghanpur Fort
This inscription is on a stone lying behind the high school building, dated S. 1416, (A.D. 1494). Records a land lease contract executed by a Mussalman chief Nizamul mulk, in favour of a merchant guild. A part of the Ghanpur area was leased to the merchants for cultivation. The language is mixed with many Urdu words.

1504 AD : Immadi Narasimha of Vijayanagara Saluva Dynasty
29th February A.D. 1504 : Wanaparthy
Registers the grant of an agrahara village Agarupattu otherwise known as 'Changaḍi' situated on the bank of the river Kavaripaka in Padaiveedu maharajya by the king to Parairi Bhatta, son of Tiruvengada Bhatta, grandson of Lakshman Bhatta and great grandson of Sri Narayana of Gautamavarma. The gift village was renamed as Immadi Sri Narasimhendrapura.
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Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District History

Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District, is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. The administrative headquarters is located at Bhuvanagiri Town. The district shares boundaries with Suryapet, Nalgonda, Jangaon, Siddipet, Medchal-Malkajgiri and Rangareddy districts.

Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district is carved out of erstwhile Nalgonda district.

Rashtrakuta Dynasty 
907 AD : Ravi Chandrayya
1st April, 907 AD : Velmajala, Bhuvanagiri 
Telugu and Kannada. 
This inscription is on a slab near ruined construction outside the village. The inscription refers to Akalavarsha (i.e. Krishna II) and records the gift of 100 marttars of land to a basadi; and a garden by Ravi Chandrayya, a subordinate of the king.

913 AD - 972 AD : Mahasamanta Nurmadidhavala Ayyanayyarasar
Chief : Gommarasa
913 AD : Padaturu, Nalgonda, Nityavarsha (Indra III) 
This Kannada inscription, engraved on a pillar, set up in front of Ramalingesvarasvami temple, belongs to the reign of Rashtrakuta king Nityavarsha (i.e., Indra III). It refers to mahasamanta Nurmadidhavala and to his subordinate chief Gommarasa, who was administering Kollipaka nadu-7000 division. Dated Saka 835, Srimukha (A.D 913), it registers the grant of several lands along with income from tax siddhaya by Chamangamunda, son of Aydamayya, to the temple raised by the former. Aydamayya is stated to have been ruling over Padaturu.

Nurmadi Tailapa II claimed descent from the earlier Chalukyas of Vatapi (Badami), and initially ruled as a Rashtrakuta vassal from the Tardavadi-1000 province in the modern Bijapur district of Karnataka. When the Rashtrakuta power declined following an invasion by the Paramara king Siyaka, Tailapa overthrew the Rashtrakuta king Karka II, and established a new dynasty.

972 AD : Ayyanayyarasa
10th November, 972 AD : Manthapuri, Bhuvanagiri
Telugu and Kannada.
This inscription is on a stone pillar near the old temple near the tank outside the village. The record does not refer to any overlord. Certain Maha-Samantadhipati named Ayyanayya, who bears the titles, Ranadhira, Nurmadi-dhavala, Nanniya-Meru etc., is stated to have made a gift of garden, and lands according to Rajamana to the deity Ranadhiresvara, obviously, installed after his own title by Kuchi [Go]ravaru in the village Manthapura. The aruvana of the land for the two crops is twenty pons. 

1033 AD - 1049 AD : Sankaragandarasa
1049 AD : Kolanupaka, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District. 
The Kannada inscription, engraved on a pillar set up in front of the Anjaneyasvam temple in the village, belongs to the Kalyana chalukya king, Trailokyamalladeva. Being dated saka 971 A.D. 1049 ,it describes the eulogy of his chief Sankaragandarasa, who while camping at Kondur, made a grant of twelve mattars of land for the worship and food offerings to the deity Mahesvaradeva of Kondur for the purpose of giving alms and feeding the ascetics and Brahmanas on the occasion of kanya-samkranti.

1074 AD - 1077 AD : Asagarasa
24th December, 1074 AD : Kolanupaka : Kannada
This inscription in Kannada prose is one of the few in which the name of the King is omitted. It is dated Saka 996 Ananda Uttarayana Samkranti (A.D. 1074 December 24, Wednesday).

It records that Mahamandalesvara (Asa)ga rasa the protector of Kollipaka, granted one mattar of gadde (wet) land to a brahman named Suraya on the occasion of Uttarayana Samkranti.

The donor's name is unfortunately not clear, but judging from his titles Lattalurpuravaresvara and Rattaradheya he appears to have been a chief of the Rashtrakuta family.

24th December, 1074 AD : Kolanupaka : Kannada
This inscription in Kannada prose is one of the few in which the name of the King is omitted. It is dated Saka 996 Ananda Uttarayana Samkranti (A.D. 1074 December 24, Wednesday).

1074 AD : Singur, Sangareddy : Saka 995, it states that while chalukya bhuvanaikamalla camping at Vankapura, mahasamantha Aggalarasa made grant of lands to Dharmasagra Siddhantadeva

1077 AD - 1104 AD : Kandur Cholas
1077 - c. 1091 : Bhimachoda II son of Tonda I
May 8, 1077 AD : Kollipaka - Mahamandalesvara Eruva Tondarasar, a Telugu-Choda chief sets up an inscription at the same place in Saka.999, Ptnga|a Jyestha su. 13, (A.D. 1077, May 8) (No. 13) to lecordhts gift of perpetual lamps to Somesvara Deva of Kollipaka, wherein no reference is made to any overlord.

1104 AD - 1108 AD : Paramara Jagaddeva youngest son of Udayaditya of Paramara Dynasty.
Jagaddeva worked under the Western Chalukyas as the governor of Kollipaka-7000 province in present Kolanupaka, Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district. The territory of Kollipaka was governed by Jagaddeva between 1104 and 1108. However, he was eventually deprived of this position by King Vikramaditya VI, after he attempted to establish an independent kingdom in the province. King Vikramaditya appointed his own son, Kumara Somesvara, to replace Jagaddeva as governor. In retaliation, Jagaddeva seems to have allied himself with the Polavasa chiefs (who were also eager to break free from Chalukya dominance), and attacked other states who remained allied with the Western Chalukyas.

13th March 1104 AD : This lengthy inscription in Sanskrit verse describes the Paramara rulers of Malava whose primaeval ancestor was born in the sacrificial fire of the sage Vasistha near the Arbuda mountain. A later king of this family was Udayaditya whose son was Jagaddeva. This prince endeared himself to the great Chalukya emperor Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI who treated him as his own son. While Jagaddeva was governing the province a Mahamandalesvara, the king's general Somala Dandanayaka holding the designations, Great Minister and High officer in charge of Peace and war, constructed the temple of Jagaddeva Narayana in his capital Kollipaka for the prosperity of the kingdom.

The epigraph is dated the Chalukya Vikrama year 29, Tarana, Chaitra purnima, Sunday, lunar eclipse. This date regularly corresponds to A.D. 1104, March 13. On this day Jagaddeva granted with the king`s approval the village Piriya Pembariti for worship and offerings, etc. in the above temple.

6th April, 1106 AD : Kolanapaka inscription is on a stone pillar unearthed. The record introduces the prince Jagaddeva who is said to have been the son of Udayaditya and grandson of Gondala of the Paramara line in which great kings like Sri Harsha, Munja, Sindala, Bhojadeva and others were born. Then it refers to the Chalukya king Tribhuvanamalla alias Chalukya Rama and Vikranta- chakresvara, who, out of affection brought Jagaddeva the prince of Dhara and treating him like his son bestowed on him part of the Kuntala country, Jagaddeva is stated to have conquered the Kings of Vegi, Dravila, Chakrakuja, Mahira and Ballala, of which the conquest of the last king is described in a separate verse.

Such Jaggaddeva residing in his own capital Kollipaka, it states, granted the village Goshttipalu in Aleti-Kampana with all immunities as Devabhoga to the god Somesvara and the attached maria built by Bammadeva-nayaka son of Dhakkananayaka, at the king's fort Bhuvanagiri on the occasion of Akshaya-tritiya. The gift was intended for the amga-ranga- bhogas of the god Somesvara and for feeding (the ascetics and students) in the matha. Some other monetary gifts are also recorded.

8th April A.D. 1106 : This Kolanupaka inscription is in Sanskrit verse and prose. It is dated Chalukya Vikrama year (3) 1 Vyaya, Vaisakha Sukla Aksha trtiya (3), Sunday (A.D. 1106 April, 8).
Jagaddeva of the Paramara dynasty set up this inscription. It gives some valuable details regarding his arrival to these parts from his native town Dhara. He was brought by Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramaditya VI) from Dhara after the latter's conquest over those parts and appointed him as Mahamandalesvara of Kollipaka, seven thousand. Jagaddeva granted a village named Goshtipadu to the god Brahmesvara installed by Brahmadeva Nayaka son of Dhakkana Nayaka at Bhuvanagiri which was a fort belonging to the King (Vallabhasya durga sthani bhute) for the maintenance of anga ranga bhogas etc., to the god and for feeding the ascetics residing probably in a matha attached to the temple and engaged in the study of Vedas.

1108 AD - 1157 AD : Kandur Cholas

1147 AD : Mallanayaka 
5th April, 1147 AD : Bollepalli, Bhuvanagiri 
This inscription is on a stone pillar erected in front of Mallamma gudi. This inscription refers to the prosperous reign of the Chalukya king Jagadekamalla, ruling from Kalyanapura. It records the construction of a temple and the installation of the god Mailaradeva by Medeyabhatlu, son of Appanabhatlu and Bollanamma, and the grandson of Mediyabhatlu of Bharadvaja gotra and the prabhu of Kollipura in Venginadu. Appanabhatlu is said to be of brahmapuri of Mallanayaka Birudanayaka, the Saudhara of Podaturu. The said temple was built in his garden, situated in front of Bollepalli included in the district of Bhuvanagiri. Medeyabhattu has endowed the temple with a gift of some money due from the village, for conducting the amga-bhogas to the god and paying salaries to the adhyaksha - brahmana at the rate of 5 madas and ten rukas per annum, madas for the priest's mother, 5 gadyas for those who sing in the temple, 3 gadyas for gardeners and 1 mada for those who clean the premises. It is stated that the amount incurred by Medeyabhatta for the installation and other things is hundred and one madas and ten rukas. The Podaturi Saudhara, Mallenayaka-biruda nayaka is also said to have made to the temple some gift of land measuring 1 marutur and 15 puttis of velivolamu in Bollepalli. The coins mada and gadya are generally taken to be of the same denomination, their value being equal to ten rukas. But, from the present record they seem to be of slightly different values.

Viddamayya-dandanayaka
Chandupatla, Bhuvanagir
This inscription is on a broken stone pillar near the ruined Siva temple. The record gives the genealogical list of the Chalukyas beginning from Satyasraya, his son Jayasimha, his son Ranaraga, his son Polakesi, his son Kirttivarman, his brother Mangalarnava, Kirttivarman's son Satyasraya, his son [Na]davarideva, his son Adityavarma, his son Kirttivarman, his uncle BhimaparAkrama, his son Kirttivarman, his son Tailapadeva, his son Vikramaditya, his son Bhimaraja, his son Ayyanayya, his son Vikramaditya, his son Tailabhupa, his son Satyasraya, his son Dasavarma, his son Vikramaditya, his son Jayasimha etc., (..........) and his brother Vikramaditya. The subordinate of the last named king was Viddamayya-dandanayaka, who is said to have installed the deity Viddesvara at Chandrapattana. He is also stated to have made some land gifts at several places in the [Kolli]paka-nadu to the god.

1270 AD - 1289 AD : Cheraku Mallikarjuna Nayaka son of Bolla 
25th July A.D. 1275 : Masapet, Bhuvanagiri 
This inscription is on a stone in the field. It registers the gift of a canal to the god Ramesvaradeva and lands to the gods Daseavaradeva and Malnathadeva and two brahmanas by Yaddaya raddi and Rudraya, the brothers of Nissamkavira Bolnayani Mallikarjuna Nayaka at the latter's instructions.

1289 AD - 1323 AD : Cheraku Immadi Mallikarjuna Nayaka son of Mallikarjuna Nayaka

Recherla Nayaks
1325 AD - 1361 AD : Recherla Singama nayaka-I

1361 AD - 1383 AD : Anavotha nayaka
Capital : Rachakonda
Anavotha nayaka, son of Singama nayaka came to rule after his father and changed his capital from Amanagallu to Rachakonda. 
10th August A.D. 1365 : Rachakonda. 
This inscription is on the wall near the entrance of the fort. The inscription, after invocation to the god Bhairava, introduces the chief Anavotanayaka, son of Singamanayaka, son of Eradachinayaka of the Recherla family, with titles Mahamandalesvara, Andhradesadhisvara, Gajadala-vibhala, Rayagaya gopala, Pancha-Pandyadala vibhala Pratiganda Bhairava, Bhujabala-Bhima, Khadga-Narayana, Kaketa-rajya-sthapanacharya and Ashtadikuraya-manobhayamkara and Somakula - Parasurama. The chief is said to be residing in Rajagiri and ruling all the earth. It is also stated that he conducted the defence works of the fort and constructed wells on Rajukonda to the south of Anavota-samudra and on Naganayamkonda to the north of the same tank, and a mud fort to the west of the same. The tank Anavota - samudra was caused to be dug between the two hills, for the benefit of all beings and named after his title Pratigandabhairava. His Karanam Chilamaraju Tippana wrote it.

1368 AD : After avenging their father, Anapota I and Mada I attacked Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka for the control of Warangal fort, they defeated and killed him at Bhimavaram battle in 1368 AD.

Ainavolu sasanam of Anapotanayaka describes him in possession of Tribhuvanagiri(Bhongir), Orugallu and Singavaram forts and took the title of “Tribhuvana Rayarao’. With this victory his kingdom stretched upto Godavari in the North, Srisailam in the South, Bahamani kingdom in the West, and Kondaveedu in the East.

Looking to the excellent relations these kings had with the Bahamani Empire, it is possible that the Bahamanis have helped them in their war against Kapayanayaka.

He divided his kingdom into Northern and Southern regions for ease of administration; made Rachakonda the capital of North and ruled it himself; made Devarakonda as the capital of South and appointed his younger brother Mada nayaka as its ruler.

Anapotanayaka attacked the Kalinga kingdom in 1380 AD. This is known by his Simhachalam sasanam.

The Ainavolu inscriptions refers to the donation of a village by Anavotha I to God Milara Deva.

1383 AD - 1399 AD : Singama nayaka-II / Singabhupala-II
After Anapotanayaka his son Singamanedu II ascended the throne of Rachakonda. Singam Nayaka II was also known as “Sarvajna Singa Bhupala” and he was a great writer and poet.

Before coming to the throne he captured the fort of Kalyani in Gulbarga district. It appears that he went to Karnataka to help the Bahamani kings and took this fort during the campaign.

In the early days of Sighabhupala’s reign, the Vijayanagara kings took Srisailam and marched against Rachakonda. The Vijayanagara sasanam in Tumkur district dated 1384 AD states that the king of Vijayanagara Harihara Devaraya II, sent his son Vira Bukkaraya against Orugallu. The Bahamani sultan then laid siege to Kottakonda in Mahabubnagar district (possibly taken earlier by the Vijayanagara forces) and one of the Vijayanagara commanders Saluva Ramadevaraya died in the battle. As per the sasana the sultan has done this to protect his samantas who owed allegiance to him. It appears from the sasana that the Vijayanagara forces were defeated.

The reason for this aggression by Vijayanagara is unknown but Ziauddin Barani mentions that Kapayanaka and Harihararaya (the founder of the Vijayanagara kingdom) are related. Although this may not be certain they may have been closely associated with each other and Kapayanayakas defeat, coupled with the leanings the Rachakonda kings had shown towards the Bahamani kings precipitated the attack.

In 1387 AD, Kumara Singha Bhupala has attacked the Gowtami banks area via Southern Kalinga which was in his possession. As per his Simhachala sasanam he scored a number of victories in the area which was lying in the Kondaveedu kingdom at that time. With this campaign the authority of the Reddys was extinguished in the southern Kalinga.

The Vijayanagara king Hariharadevaraya did not forget his defeat at the hands of the Rachakonda kingdom and the Bahamanis. In 1397 he declared a war against the Bahamani kingdom and as per his Vijayanagara sasana, one of the Vijayanagara senanis, Gunda Dandadhinadha inflicted a defeat on Siaf Khan and Fateh Khan.

To reduce the pressure on the Bahamani forces Singhabhupala sent Ramachandranayaka, the son of Vedagirinayaka to attack the area of the Vijayanagara kingdom on the banks of river Krishna. Ramachandranayaka crossed the Krishna river, entered Kurnool and started plundering it whereupon he was attacked by the Vijayanagara armies near Bandikanuma. Ramachndranayaka emerged victorious in this battle.

Now Harihara II sent his son Bukkaraya to attack Ramachndranayaka. Bukka then defeated Ramachandranayaka and drove him out of the Vijayanagara kingdom. He then entered the Rachakonda kingdom and plundered it. It appears that the victories enumerated in the Vamsavali attributed to Anapotanayaka son of Singhabhupala and Ramachandranayaka and Madanayaka the sons of Pedavedagirinayaka seem to have taken place during this campaign. Although both sides claimed victory in this campaign, it appears that Vijayanagara kingdom had been victorious in this battle.

Bukkaraya took his armies crossed the Krishna and attacked the Panugallu fort in Devarakonda kingdom. The Bahamani armies immediately came to the rescue of Panugallu. In this campaign, Pedavadagirinayaka’s son Kumaramadanayaka has defeated Era Krishnaraya and Pandadadhisa as per the Vamsavali. In this Era Krishnaraya besieged Devarakonda. Although he was defeated, Bukkaraya scored a victory and secured the Panugallu fort in 1397 AD. In this campaign the son of Bukkaraya Anantabhupala had shown great valor. A few days after the Panuganti war Kumara Singhabhupala died.

1399 AD - 1421 AD : Anavotha nayaka-II
After Singhabhupala II his son Immadi Anapotanayaka came to the throne in 1399 AD. He is also known as Kumara Anapotanayaka and Pinnamanayaka. He is a contemporary of the Bahamani sultan Firoz Shah. The burden of saving his kingdom from Bukkaraya fell on him. As per Velugotivari Vamsavali he saved 10,000 people from Metuku (Medak) Fort. It is possible that Bukkaraya went up to Medak fort victorious and laid seize to it and Anapotanayaka relieved and saved the garrison during this campaign.

It appears that on the side of Bahamani sultan Anapotanayaka scored a number of victories against the Kondaveedu and Rajahmundry reddy kings and also Vijayanagara kings. It is probable that the Raya supposed to have been stopped by him is Devaraya I.

Contemporary to Anapotanayaka Devarakonda was ruled by Kumara Madanayaka and Ramachandranayaka, the sons of Pedavedagirinayaka. Annadevachoda took refuge in Devarakonda during Pedavedagirinayaka’s reign. Kumara Madanayaka gave him an army and sent him via Kalinga to regain his kingdom. However, this army was defeated by Chalukya Vishveshwara Bhupati a tributory king of the Gangas in 1402 AD. After this Kumara Madanayaka proceeded with an army to help Annadevachoda. It is possible that the victory attributed to him over the Rajahmundry Reddy kings took place during this campaign.

Anapotanayaka mounted a successful campaign in 1417 AD against Panugallu. During the campaign the Bahamani sultan Tajuddin Ferozshah laid siege to Panugallu. At that time Panugallu was under the Vijayanagara kings. The Velamanayakas also went along with their armies to help Ferozshah, but during the campaign their relations soured. Seeing the opportunity Devaraya I negotiated with the Velamanayakas and turned them into his favor. During a fierce battle at Panagallu fort the Velamanayakas like Anapotanayaka came over to the side of Devaraya along with their armies. Due to this Ferozshah ‘s assumed victory turned into defeat and he could barely escape and reach his capital Gulbarga. Anapotanayaka died during this battle in 1421 AD. 

1421 AD - 1430 AD : Madanayaka II
After Anapotanayaka, his brother Madanayaka came to the throne in 1421 AD.,probably because Anapotanayaka’s eldest son Singamanayaka was too young to assume charge.

After the battle of Panagallu, the recherla's maintained enmity with the Bahmani Sultans and helped the Vijayanagara rulers in every way they could. During the battle between Ahmed Shah (Bahmani sultan) and Devaraya-II in 1424, Madanayaka helped the latter. Because of this, though Ahmed Shah made peace with Devaraya after the battle was over, he sent his deputy, Azam Khan to capture Warangal (kingdom of Mada nayaka). In this battle, Azam Khan captured not only Warangal,but also many forts in Rachakonda and Devarakonda kingdoms.
When Ahmad Shah was immersed in a war with the Sultan of Gujarat, the Rachakonda kings recovered all their lost forts.

October, A.D. 1427  : Devalanagaram.
Reign of : Ravu Madhava Nripa Son of Singa.
This inscription is on a stone pillar set upon the tank bund. Records show that Ravu Madhava-nripa, son of Simga wrote a tikka called Raghaviyam for the Ramayana of Valmiki. The inscription gives the genealogy of the author. In the IVth Varna was born at the feet of Vishnu, Era Dacha-bhupala, the moon to the ocean of Recherla-vamsa. His son was Simga; to him was born Annavota; and his son was Simga; and his son was Ravu Madhava, a follower of Sri Ramanuja Vaishnavism and a great devotee of Rama. It is stated that Nagama of the Kadipikonda family, the queen of Ravu-Madhava constructed an irrigation tank at the foot of Rajasaila (Rachakonda) called Nagasamudra in S.1351, Saumya in the month of Mina-Chaitra (26th March, A.D.1429)

March-April, A.D. 1429 : Devalanagaram, Ramannapet
The record belongs to Nagambika, wife of king Ravu Madhava of the Rachakonda Velama lineage, some members of which are already known by the Aynavolu, Inugurti and other inscriptions. These chiefs served under the Kakatiyas and rose to prominence at the time of Rudramamba who appointed them as subordinates at Rachakonda. The first four verses praise the boar incarnation of Vishnu, Rama and the Supreme Lord Vishnu from whose feet the family took its birth. Era Dacha is described in the fifth verse. Singa and Anavota are his son and grandson respectively. Anavota's son is Singa again. Singa's son is named Ravu Madhava.

1430 AD - 1455 AD : Singama Nayaka III
After Madanayaka his brother Anapotanayaka’s son Mummadi Singamanayaka came to the throne. He ruled from 1430 AD. onwards. From his time, the Rachakonda and Devarakonda kingdoms fell into decline and by 1455 AD., the forts of Rachakonda and Orugallu were taken over by the Bahamani Sultan. 

Ahmad Shah II or ALA-UD-DIN AHMAD II (Apr 17, 1436 - May 6, 1458)
1455 AD - 1457 AD : Prince Dawood son of Ahmad I
1455 AD : Rachakonda was annexed to Bahmani kingdom. Singa - 3 later retired to Bellamkonda in Guntur district until death in A.D 1455 . Prince Dawood son of Bahmani Sultan Ahmad - 1 was given charge of Rachakonda

1457 AD - 1460 AD : Prince Mahmud brother of Ahmad Shah II

1460 AD - 1536 AD : Dharma Nayaka son of Singama Nayaka III
1462 A.D: Shayampet inscription - Dharmanayudu / Dharmanayaka, son of Singama nayaka-III was appointed as the ruler of Warangal. However, now Recherla Nayaks lost their independence and became the tributaries of the Gajapatis of Orissa.

21st April, A.D. 1464 : Sayampeta, Parakal 
This long but incomplete inscription belongs to the Recherla chiefs, and records the gift of the village of Muccherla together with Mandapalle in Kothagattu sthala included, in the Voruganti Sima, with all the rights together with all the cultivators (Krishi valulu) on the occasion of lunar eclipse to God Tiruvengalesvara of Machcherla and to 12 Ayyangars and 12 Mahajanas both numbering 24 by Ravu Dharma Naidu’s son of Pinnamanayadu and Singamamba, grandson of Peda Anapotanayaka. The chief bears all the usual titles of the Recheria chiefs including, Kakatirajya Sthapana Acharya. The gifted village was divided into 34 vrittis of which 10 vrittis were allotted for the God Tiruvengalesvara of Macherla. 12 vrittis to Ayyangars and 12 vrittis to Mahajana and for the 24 murttis. On the second side, the name of the donors with their gotras and pedigrees are given. This is dated in S. 1386, Tarona, Vaisakha Su. 15. Vaddavara, Lunar eclipse; corresponding to Sunday 21st April, 1464 A.D.

This inscription is on a stone pillar erected about two furlongs off from Venkateswara temple, dated S. 1386, Tarana, Vaisakha su 15, Saturday, Lunar eclipse, (A.D. 1464, April 21). This inscription records the gift of villages Maccherla and Mada situated in Kottagattu sthala and Warangallu sima, by Dharmanayaka son of Pinnamanayaka, grandson of Peda- singamanayaka, and great grandson of Peda Annavota Nayaka of the Recherla family to the god Tiruvengaleswara of Maccherla, 12 ayyangars and 12 mahajanas. It is interesting to note that vrittis 10 to the god, 12 to the ayyangars and 12 to the mahajanas altogether 34 vrittis were granted to the donees together with the cultivators attached to them. The inscription contains a long list of the donees with their parentage and gotras.

1529 AD : Devalanagaram, Nalgonda District.
Reign of : Rau Madhava
This inscription is on a stone near the tank, dated S. 1451, Saumya. The inscription begins with the invocation to the boar incarnation of Vishnu and Rama. It is very interesting to note in this inscription that Rau Madhava has written a commentary called Raghaviya on Ramayana and dedicated the same to Rama in the year S. 1449. Plavanga his wife Nagambika has caused a tank called Nagasamudram to be dug near Rachakonda. The poet who composed this inscription is Sambhu Natha son of Madhava Suri.




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Jayashankar Bhupalpally District History

Vijayanagara Empire
1377 AD - 1404 AD : Harihara Raya II 

1397 AD : Prince Devaraya (1406 AD - 1422 AD)  son of Harihara Raya II
28th February, A.D. 1397 : Kaleshwaram.
This inscription is on one pillar of 16-Pillared mandapa of Muktesvara temple from Kaleshwaram, dated Saka 1319, Isvara, 1st day of the year, Wednesday, corresponding to the 28th February 1397 A.D., states in a verse in Sardulavikridita that Devaraya, the son of Harihara, performed the tulapurusha on the occasion of his digvijaya. It was obviously under orders of his father Harihara that Prince Devaraya undertook this campaign of Conquest. The Velugoyivarivamsavali alludes to a number of clashes of the Velamas, who sided with the Bahmani Sultans, with the Vijayanagara kings (Further Sources of Vijayanagara History, Vol. I, pp. 82-83). The Panugallu inscription (cf. op.cit., Vol. II, pp. 38-39), dated 6 months later than this record, refers to the capture of the fort of Panungal by Immadi Bukka, assisted by his son Ananta.

Devaraya was governing the eastern province of the Udayagiri rajya. Kalesvaram where Devaraya celebrated the festival of his digvijaya, was situated at the time in the territories of the Recherla Nayaks of Telingana. The cause of the expedition must be sought in the enmity that existed between them and the Rayas of Vijayanagara, on account of the former`s alliance with the Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga, the hereditary foes of the Rayas.


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Narayanpet District History

Narayanpet district is a district in the Indian state of Telangana. Narayanpet is the district headquarters. The district shares boundaries with Mahbubnagar, Vikarabad, Wanaparthy and Jogulamba Gadwal districts and with the Karnataka state.

Created from erstwhile Mahabubnagar district.

Historically "Narayanapeta" has been in the Palamoor region.
Later Nandas, Mouryas, Sathavahanas, Ikshwakas, Vishnukundinas, 
Badami ChalukyasKanduri Chodas, Kakatiyas, Yadavas of Devagiri, Cheruku kings, Vavilala kings, Munusuri Dyanasty, Bahamani Sultans, Vijayanagara Kings, Recharla Padmanayakas, Kutubshahis, Mughals and Nizam of Hyderabad ruled this area as the part of their Kingdom, this region was known as the land of the Cholas. Mahbub Ali Khan Asaf Jah VI, the Nizam of Hyderabad (1869-1911 AD) was changed the name of "Narayanapeta" to NARAYANPET on 4 December 1890. 

Golconda diamonds also including the famous Kohinoor Diamond come from the Narayanapet district area

c.550 AD - 753 AD : Badami Chalukyas (543 AD - 753 AD) 
Pulakeshin I defeated Vakataka Dynasty in c.550 AD. Pulakeshin II defeated Durjaya Dynasty in 611 AD and defeated Vishnukundins in 611 / 624 AD.

610 AD - 642 AD : Pulakesi II
Pulakesi II is the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. In his reign the Chalukyas of Badami saw their kingdom extend over most of the Deccan.

Tummeyanuru Inscription : Begins with the usual Western Chalukyan prasasti and mentions Kirti Verma and his son Pulakesin II. The grant was issued by Pulalesin II on the occasion of a lunar eclipse, on a Kartika Paurnami, in the presence of lord Sangamesvara. The grant village Tummeyanuru was situated in the Chalukya vishaya in between Santanur and Pulikurope villages, on the Southern bank of Chinteru, near Jukur tirtha. The said gift consisting of twenty five navaratnas of land measured by rajamana (royal measure) was given to Mabuganasvami son of Malarevasvami of Atreya gotra and Apasthambasutra, belonging to the Indupur ghatika.

Lokaditya brother of Vijayaditya
696 AD - 733 AD : Vijayaditya
Vijayaditya succeeded his father, Vikramaditya I on to the Chalukya throne. His long reign was marked by general peace and prosperity. Vijayaditya also built a number of temples. 

704 AD : Alampur Inscription : This damaged charter is of the time of king Vijayaditya who belonged to the earlier branch of the Western Chalukya family. It is dated Saka 626, the king’s regnal year [8 ?], Vaisakha s`u. 13. This may be approximately equated to A.D. 704. The epigraph cites the familiar Prasasti of the Chalukya rulers of Badami and gives the genealogical succession of the family from Pulakesin I.

The inscription states that the enclosure in question was set up at the instance of the Chalukya ruler and dedicated to worshipful Isanacharaya Swami.

705 AD : He fought against the Pallavas and extracted tributes from Parameshwar Varma V. The Alupas of South Canara who were loyal to the Chalukyas and led by Alupa Chitravahana, brother-in-law of Vijayaditya defeated a Pandyan invasion of Mangalore in 705.

Alampur Inscription: Engraved over the dwarapalaka, imagine the Svarga brahma temple. The inscription brings to light an unknown son of Vinayaditya i.e. Lokaditya, brother of Vijayaditya is described as ela-arasar i.e. yuvaraja. It states that the temple was constructed by Lokaditya in memory of the emperor`s queen.


1505 AD - 1570 AD : Vijayanagara Empire (Tuluva Dynasty)
1505 AD - 1509 AD : Viranarasimha Raya

1509 AD - 1529 AD : Krishna Deva Raya

1529 AD - 1541 AD : Achyuta Deva Raya
2nd November A.D. 1538 : Kosangi.
This inscription states that while Achyutaraya was ruling his amara nayaka (name lost) Immadi Medi Naraya made a gift of a well and garden to the God Somesvara of Kosagi.

1541 AD - Venkatadri

1542 AD - 1570 AD : Sadashiva Raya

1570 AD - 1646 AD : Vijayanagara Empire (Aravidu Dynasty)

1570 AD - 1572 AD : Tirumala Deva Raya

1572 AD - 1586 AD : Sriranga Deva Raya I

1586 AD - 1614 AD : Venkatapati Deva Raya II

Polepally, Jadcherla
This inscription is on a pedestal in the Chennakesava Temple. This inscription mentions that a pillar which was broken for a long time was replaced in the temple of Ahobala Narasimhasvami of Polepalli by Mudugallu Nurussa Chintamani
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Aggalayya Gutta Jain Temple

Aggalayya gutta is located in Hanamakonda, Padmakshi temple road, Hanumakonda district,Telangana state, India. It was also a jain ayurvedic medicine center around 11th century

This Jain site on the Aggalayya gutta has a 30-feet-tall engraved statue of the 16th Jain Tirthankar Shantinatha and a 13-feet-tall statue of 23rd Tirthankar Parshvanatha on a huge boulderstone on a hillock.

The Shantinatha statue is the second tallest Tirthankaras statue in South India after Karnataka’s Bahubali Tirthankara, and the plan is to make it a Jain Vanam. Statue of the Mahavira is also there in a cave on the hillock.

The hillocok was named after, Aggalayya, who constructed a ‘Jinalaya’ that served as a research centre for teaching doctrines of religion, medicine, and surgery.

Aggalayya who was an ayurvedic doctor and researcher of 11th century taught Ayurveda to students at this center. He worked extensively on teaching and propagation of doctrines of religion, medicine, surgery, etc. The Sirur inscription of Medak mentions Aggaalaih as the Chalukya King Jagadekas physician.

Though its is popular as Jain site, none could discover the fact that the hillock was a hub of ayurvedic treatment during 11th century. Some parts of the Gokarnam which is used to store ayurvedic potions and pour into the mouth of the patient, were also found at the site. The hillock was a place of medicinal plants. “I have seen may mortars at various locations, but mortars made on the rock on the Aggalayya Gutta are unique amon them” said Ratnakar Reddy.

Aggalayya gutta also has a lot trees and plants which makes the place breathable

Near Hanumakonda bus station and Chowrastha. Around half Kms. Around 600 steps are there to reach top of the hill . Opens at 9 A.M and closes at 6 P.M

This site is developed under National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme by KUDA (Kakatiya Urban Development Authority) in 2017.






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Aggalayya

Name : Aggalayya (1034 AD - 1074 AD)
Spouse : Vallikambe
Born : c. 1000 AD 
Died : c. 1080 AD
Profession : Royal Physician (Ayurveda), Mahasamantha 
Titles : Vaidyaratnakara Pranacharya, Mahasamanta and Vaidyasikhamani 
Religion : Jainism
Inscriptions : Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Saidapur or Saidapuram), Sangareddy (Sirur, Singuru in Narayankhed Mandal) from 1034 AD to 1074 AD

Aggalayya who is stated to have been specialist in Sastra (surgery) and Sastra (Science) and was capable of curing even the severe diseases that cannot be cured by other physicians.

The records describe the proficiency of Aggalayya in Ayurveda with particular reference to his skill in Sastra-vaidya or treatment of diseases by surgical methods.
 
It is interesting to note that surgery in the system of Ayurveda was practised with efficiency in those days. Aggalayya is stated to be the royal physician.

Aggalayya has not only been praised as an efficient physician or surgeon but has also been mentioned as a religious person, a devout Jaina who was always helpful to good people and he looked after the healthy well being of all. He always stood for the welfare of his friends and for the satisfaction of gurus . The inscription mentions that he was devoted to teach (the art of Surgery or Ayurveda to) the Jainas and was always ready for clearing the doubts of other physicians.

The inscription mentions that if any treatment by surgery was done anywhere and life was saved, i.e. it refers to critical cases, then, it was surely a good deed of Naravaidya Aggalayya and king Jagadekamalla.

It is interesting to note that the merit of the saving the life of a critical patient by treating him with surgical expertise, was shared between the physician and his employer or patron in whose service Aggalayya
was employed. 

The inscription further eulogizes Aggalayya by saying that he could even cure the diseases in their advanced stage or serious stage {prakarsa) declared by other physicians as incurable. For this reason his fame had spread in all regions. 

The inscription mentions Aggalayya as verily the god Brahma himself or Brahma personified. Aggalayya being a devout Jaina and surgeon by profession, his association and assimilation with Brahma
shows the process of integration or appropriation of the Brahma cult in the Jaina religious tradition. 

Brahma being the deity par excellence for surgery mentioned in the pro-brahrhanical Ayurvedic texts like the Susruta Samhita his incorporation into the Jaina tradition to glorify a surgeon is explicable as the basic knowledge was taken from the common texts like the Susruta Samhita which again claims the Atharva
Veda as its principal source. 

These texts were not restricted to the followers of the bratimanical religion alone but were universally used. But the question that arises here is that why did the Jainas require a different system of medicine and surgery and why this Jaina medical school had its own texts on medicine and surgery which were highly
modified versions of the well known medical texts.

Chalukyan king Jayasimha II, this stone inscription records the gift of the village Muppanappali in Kollipaka 7000 for the maintenance of two Jaina Basatis built by certain Aggalayya who bears the titles Vaidya- ratnakara, Pranacharyya and Naravaidya. 

The inscription registers the gift of garden lands and house plots for residence and feeding the students and (rishis) by maha samanta Aggalayya, at the instance of his brother. In this, Aggalarasa is praised for his proficiency in medicine. The said gift was placed in the custody of Dharmasagara Siddhanta Deva of Sri Yapaniya samgha and Maduvagana. The donor himself was an ardent worshipper of Jaina Sasanadevi and Bahubali. The verses extol the heroic qualities of Aggalarasa and philanthropic qualities of Vallikambe, his wife.

While the king Someswara II (1068 - 1076 AD) was camping at Vankapura, his subordinate chief mahasamanta and Vaidyasikhamani Aggalarasa (Aggalayya) made gifts of grandson lands for the maintenance of the feeding house (dnasala). The gift was entrusted to a jaina preceptor Dharmasagara Siddhantadeva at the request of one Bahubali.

Saidapur Jaina Inscription of Jagadekamalla I, Saka 956 by Dr. G. Jawaharlal
The inscription contains the Chalukya prasasti of the king Jagadeka Malla I (i.e., Jayasimha II) and records the gift of lands in the gramas of Mucchnapalli, Tenkanamaddi and Juvvipakavādi and cash (drammas) for the daily rites and repairs (11.19,20) of the two basadis namely, the Buddhasena Jinalaya in Baliya Mucchanapalli and Vaidyaratnakara jinalaya in lkkuriki by Aggalayya, the Naravaidyaratnakara and Pranacharya who is also the Gavunda of Mucchanapalli.

Evidently the Vaidyaratnakara Jinalaya under reference is named after the physician Aggalayya himself, as he bore the title Vaidyaratnakara.

We are further told that the above forms part of the gift for the daily rites of the Jakabbeya and Rekabbeya basadis situated in Juvvipakavadi.

The third side of the inscription extols the greatness of the royal physician Aggalayya who is said to have been the wizard of Ayurveda Sastra and sastra (surgery). 

He is praised as the specialist in curing the diseases, pronounced as incurable ones by other physicians of the day (cf. asakya byadhepi pariah=bhishagbhir vyudhi prabhedhe tadupakamechatim Agglaram punaruhadaksham kathayamti chitrant||11.72-75). 

The king, stunned with the expertise of Aggalayya in the field of Ayurveda and Sastra chikista, is pleased to pronounce him as Aggalamge Gaggalah. The pointed reference made to the sastra chikitsa (surgery) in the Ayurveda methods reveals that the use of sastra by then was in a well developed stage and practised by the experts in Ayurveda.

The most interesting aspect about this inscription is that it brings to light (for the first- time perhaps) the use of sasta chikitsa (surgery) as a branch of the Ayurveda sastra (ayurveda vidam) being practised during the 11th century A.D.

No epigraphic source of the period sheds light either on the proficiency or practice of surgery in the Ayurvedic methods of treatment. Hitherto, several instances of general praise of the learning of Jaina teachers in some of the branches of knowledge are found in the inscriptions, but no specific reference to the Ayurvedic form of practice.

For instance, a record of the Saka year 1024 from Marol describes the learning of the Jaina teacher Ananta viramuni as having composed all Vyakarana (Grammar), Nighantu (Lexicon), Ganita (Mathematics). Vatsyayana (Erotics), Jyothisha (Astrology), Sakuna(Augury), Chhandas (Prosody), Manu (Law), Gandharva (Music), Alamkara (Rhetoric), Mahakavyanaka (Poetic/drama), Adhyamika (Philosophy), Arthasastra, Siddhanta and Pramanas. Secondly in one inscription of 11th century A.D. from Sudi, we are told that the world renowned Saiva teacher and scholar Somesvarapanditadeva was great not only in Tapas- charitra but also in learning which included mastery of Vaisesika, Nyaya, Samkhya, Sabdajnana and Mimamsa. Further, an inscription of the 11th century A.D. from Mulgund mentions the two Jaina grammarians, Narendrasena and his pupil Nyayasena who are said to have been proficient in many systems like Chandra, Katantra, Jainendra, Sabdanusasana of Saktayana, Paniniya, Aindra and Kaumara. Thus, it becomes clear that no recorded evidence so far makes a reference to the Ayurvedic sastra and sastra as a branch of learning.

Unfortunately this inscription sheds no light about Aggalavya's native place, his parentage, family and also the habitat of his ancestors. It is the first Jinakasana of the king Jagadekamalla I (the sole wrestler of the world) found in these parts of the Chalukyan empire.

It is also interesting to note that the king Jayasimha II after knowing the proficiency of the royal physician Aggalayya in the Ayurvedic 'sastra and 'sastra (surgery) conferred on him the pratipatti of Mahasamanta and made him the Gavunda of the grama Mucchanapalli. By this, it is known that persons of eminence are entrusted with positions of importance in the administration of the kingdom by the king.

The places mentioned in the record are Pottalakere, Kollipake-7000, Aleru-40, Ikkuriki, Mucchanapalli, Juvvipakevadi and Tenkanamaddi.

Of these Pottalakere may be identified with the modern Patancheru located at a distance of 26 Kms. away towards West of Hyderabad, the capital city of Telangana.

The place is mentioned as the capital of Jayasimha i.e. Jagadekamalla I, Kollipaka-7000 is the administrative division and the headquarters Kollipaka may be identified with the modern Kulpak in the Nalgonda district of Telangana. It is at this very Kulpak, several Jaina records big and small, pertaining to different dynasties have been found. Even today this place is being considered as a Jaina pilgrim centre. Aleru-40 is the numerical unit within the division of Kollipaka-7000. The headquarter of this unit namely Aleru is the same modern place Aleru situated a few miles away from Kolanpak.

Ikkuriki, the grama where Vaidhyaratnakara Jinalaya is situated, may be identified with the modern village Ikkuriki in the Motakondur circle of the Bhongir. Other places are not identifiable satisfactorily.

Jaina philosopher and medical practioner Samantabhadra is said to have founded a new school of medicine or his own lineage known as Samantabhadra sampradaya. This tradition was further developed by Pujyapada with his contributions to every branch of medical science.

Pujyapada authored texts like Nidanaratnavali, Vaidyakagrantha, Madanakamaratna, Ratnakaradyutasadha and Yogagrantha. Another work of Pujyapada is the text Vaidyamrita which is again not yet discovered. 
This is also known through a secondary source i.e. the work of another Jaina physician Gomatadeva. 
Pujyapada might have flourished around the 5th or 6th century CE. Pujyapada's medical
literature has been often praised in the works of both contemporary and later physicians and is often credited for driving away ill health by his teachings. 

Ugraditya another Jaina physician composed the work Kalyanakaraka in two parts containing 20 and 5 chapters respectively, consisting of 8000 verses. 

This was mainly a compilation of the previously known texts of the Jaina Vaidya sastra and to this text was added by Ugraditya two more new chapters as annexure named Rista and Hitahita . 

Scholars or adherents of this Jaina Vaidya shastra were against the use of animal substances and practice complete non-violence. They not only abstained from animal substances for any kind of cure but also condemned non-vegetarian diet. 

Ugraditya had given at the court of Amoghavarsa long discourse on the uselessness of flesh diet in an assembly where many learned men and doctors had assembled.

Ugraditya was a staunch Jaina and believed in complete abstinence so much so that he even did not prescribe honey which is one of the most frequently used elements in Ayurvedic system of medcine, instead he prescribed the use of jaggery which according to him gave the same results.

The inscription further mentions that centres for preparation of medicine both herbal and chemical-mineral or herbal-mercurial were there. These were Jakabbe and Marakabbeya basadis and for their maintenance lands were separately granted in Buddhipaka along with Muppanapalli as devabhoga by the king. 

The inscription is quite corroded yet the legible portions reveal that a flower garden, a residential place, certain measurement of black soil and along with these a water wheel were donated to the Kajali(ka)sthana attached to the two basadis mentioned above. These were functioning under the
Vaidyaratnakara Jinalaya. 

A sculpture of Aggalayya has been found at Hanumankonda the old capital city of the Kakatiyas. Like the Buddhist monasteries had arogyasala for the monks and also extended their services for the people staying in the locality similarly Jaina medical practitioner also extended their welfare services to the society at large.

Aggalayya gutta Jain Temple and Caves
Aggalayya gutta is located in Hanamakonda, Padmakshi temple road, Hanumakonda district,Telangana state, India. It was also a jain ayurvedic medicine center around 11th century

This Jain site on the Aggalayya gutta has a 30-feet-tall engraved statue of the 16th Jain Tirthankar Shantinatha and a 13-feet-tall statue of 23rd Tirthankar Parshvanatha on a huge boulderstone on a hillock.

The Shantinatha statue is the second tallest Tirthankaras statue in South India after Karnataka’s Bahubali Tirthankara, and the plan is to make it a Jain Vanam. Statue of the Mahavira is also there in a cave on the hillock.

The hillocok was named after, Aggalayya, who constructed a ‘Jinalaya’ that served as a research centre for teaching doctrines of religion, medicine, and surgery.

Aggalayya gutta also has a lot trees and plants which makes the place breathable

Near Hanumakonda bus station and Chowrastha. Around half Kms. Around 600 steps are there to reach top of the hill . Opens at 9 A.M and closes at 6 P.M

This site is developed under National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme by KUDA (Kakatiya Urban Development Authority) in 2017.


References
Epigraphia Telanganica Volume1 Pre-Kakatiya Telangana
Majumdar, Susmita Basu. “AGGALYYA- A 11 th CENTURY JAIN SURGEON.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 73, 2012, pp. 175–79. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44156204. Accessed 3 Jan. 2024.
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Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi

624 AD -1189 AD : Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi
Capitals : Pistapuram, Vengi, Rajamahendravaram
Religion : Hinduism
Languages : Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit

Mudigonda Chalukyas are the vassals ruling in Mudigonda in current Khammam district and Koravi in Mahabubabad district of Telangana.

The Chalukyas of Vengi branched off from the Chalukyas of Badami. The Badami ruler Pulakeshin II (610–642 CE) conquered the Vengi region in eastern Deccan, after defeating the remnants of the Vishnukundina dynasty. He appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana the governor of this newly acquired territory in 624 A.D

624 - 641 AD : Kubja Vishnuvardhana I

641 - 673 AD : Jayasimha I 

673 AD, seven days : Indra Bhattaraka

673 - 682 AD - Vishnuvardhana II

682 - 706 AD : Mangi Yuvaraja

706 - 718 AD : Jayasimha II

718 - 719 AD, six months : Kokkili 

719 - 755 AD : Vishnuvardhana III

755 - 772 AD : Vijayaditya I Bhattaraka

The Alluvalu Grant of Vijayaditya I
The find spot of the inscription is not known. It is now deposited in the State Museum, Hyderabad
Palli-nandu-vishaya, in which the gift village Alluvalu and its boundaries Chuvikandhi, Juvikalu, Chintapali, and Muparu are situated, is roughly identical with the present Palnad taluk of the Guntur district. There are two villages in the Palnad taluk named Chintapalli and Zukallu. It is not possible to state whether these are adjacent, and if so they are identical with Chintapali and Juvikalu mentioned in the inscription respectively. The situation neither of the gift village Alluvalu, nor the other two boundary villages Chuvi -kandhi and Muparu is known. Paranthuru, the residence of the donee Golasarman is probably identical with Parachuru in the Bapatla taluk.

772 - 808 AD : Vishnuvardhana IV Vishnuraja

808 - 847 AD : Vijayaditya II

Varppomgu Plates of Vijayaditya II
These plates were discovered in the village of Maddar in the Madira taluk of the Khammam district, and are now deposited in the State Museum, Hyderabad. 

The seal is quite interesting. The image of the boar, the lanchhana of the Eastern Chalukyas and other emblems of the royal insignia usually found on the seals of the copper- plate records, do not find a place here. On the upper part of the seal is an engraved emblem of the crescent moon with a knob on either side and a lotus with open petals at the bottom. In between the two right in the middle of the seal is embossed the Eastern Chalukya sign manual Tribhuvanam Kusa. The crescent is probably intended to indicate the affiliation of the E. Chalukya family to the lunar race.

The language of the inscription is Sanskrit.  The inscription records that, the Eastern Chalukya king Samasta-bhuvanasraya Sri Vijayaditya Maharajadhiraja Paramesvara Bhatara, dear son of Sarva-lokesraya Sri Vishnuvardhana Maharaja and grandson of Sri Vijayaditya Maharaja, on the occasion of a lunar eclipse (Chandra-grahana) in the temple Trikoteswara, granted to the brahmana Chandasarman Chaturvedi, son of Potasarman, and grandson of Reva Sarman of Kasyapa- gotra, and a resident of Intupurevu the village of Varppomgu in the Pishtapura -vishaya, Vijayaditya, the donor of this grant is the second Eastern Chalukya king of that name, usually referred in the inscriptions of his successors as Narendramrigaraja or the lion to the deer viz., the enemy kings. The title maharajadhiraja, paramesvara and bhatara and the statement samasta-samantachakra chakravarti-lakshan=opatah seem to indicate that he was a paramount sovereign who aspired to the status of an emperor, the overlord of a circle of a feudatory chiefs. Nothing is, however, said of his achievements, although his reign as can be seen from the other, recorded in this collection, was quite eventful. The donee Chandasarman was a chatur-Vedi, a scholar proficient in the four Vedas; but his ancestors appear to be ordinary brahmanas without any distinction.

847 - 849 AD : Kali Vishnuvardhana V

849 - 892 AD : Gunaga Vijayaditya III
 with his two brothers : Yuvaraja Vikramaditya I and Yuddhamalla I

892 - 921 AD : Bhima I Dronarjuna

921 AD, six months : Vijayaditya IV Kollabiganda

921 - 927 AD : Amma I Vishnuvardhana VI

927 AD, fifteen days : Vijayaditya V Beta

927 AD, one month : Tadapa

927 - 928 AD, eleven months : Vikramaditya II

928 - 929 AD, eight months : Bhima II

929 - 935 AD : Yuddhamalla II

935 - 947 AD : Bhima III Vishnuvardhana VII

947 - 970 AD : Amma II Vijayaditya VI

970 - 973 AD : Danarnava

973 - 999 AD : Jata Choda Bhima (usurp.)

999 - 1011 AD : Shaktivarman I Chalukyacandra

1011 - 1018 AD : Vimaladitya

1018 - 1061 AD : Rajaraja Narendra I Vishnuvardhana VIII 

1061 - 1063 AD : Shaktivarman II

1063 - 1068 AD, 1072–1075 AD : Vijayaditya VII

1075 - 1079 AD : Rajaraja II

1079 -1102 AD : Virachola Vishnuvardhana IX


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Pudur

The village Pudur is located in Gadwal Mandal of Jogulamba Gadwal District in the State of Telangana in India.

Pudur was part of Kandurnadu and later Gadwal Samsthan and now part of Jogulamba Gadwal district, Telangana State and called Pundur or Punduru in olden times.

1048 AD : Telugu Cholas played a significant part in the Chola-Chalukya wars during the reign of Somesvara I and it was their territory that formed the battlefield. Sometime before A.D. 1048 the 30th year of Rajadhiraja, there was a battle between the Cholas and the Chalukyas on the Vengi-Karnataka border. The record mentions that Chakravarti Vikramanaranan took an active part in the battle at Pundur, called the 'Katakama-nagar (the great capital city) on the banks of the Perar (big river) by persuading his huge army to attack Ahavamalla. In the battle that ensued, it is stated, the two younger brothers of Niduvadi Telunga Vichhayyan, Silai Kaivattarajan, Akkappayyan, Pidaikal Cholan, Kondaiya-rajan, Kunisil Munjan, Dandanayakan Dananjayan, Vira Martandran, Vagai Vichchayyan, and his mother and son were all made captives (6 of 1890, SII. IV-329).

1089 AD : Mahamandalesvara Vallabarasa
1089 AD : This Pūndur is situated in the Jogulamba Gadwal district and in A.D. 1089 (C.V. Prabhava, Telangana Ins. No. cha.28) we find a record of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI, mentioning a subordinate called Mahamandalesvara Vallabarasa, granting lands. The Perar is identified with the river Krishna by Sri C.R.K. Charlu (Dept. of Epigraphy, Madras), (the Kannada Inscriptions of Kopbal p.5 Hyderabad Archaeological series).

The records of the 33rd year (A.D. 1050-51) of Rajadhiraja (E.C. IX Dv. 76, S.I.I. VII 1046-1048) mentions his victory, again at Pundur, over "Niduval Vichchayyan'. No doubt this Niduvadi and Niduval Telunga Vichchayyan are identical (probably the Niḍugal Chōlas are meant). Pidaikai Chōla is suggestive of the Cholas of Pedakallu.

There are three localities of interest in this place the Kesavaswami temple, the shrine known as the Mallikarjuna gudi and most important of all, the temple of Virabhadra. 

The Kesava temple is situated in a small compound towards the North-Eastern end of the village and looks comparitvely recent. It consists of a rectangular pillared and the main shrine behind it. One notable feature is that this temple has no Sikhara at the top but has instead a low parapet wall around. The deity in this temple is mentioned frequently in the Telugu literature of the 15th and 16th centuries produced under the patronage of the rulers of Gadwal.

About two furlongs to the North of this temple is a low mud-wall about 8 feet thick, encircling the village
the railway station. A little farther is a small shrine known as Mallikarjuna gudi. The most important of the antiquities of this shrine are a number of broken sculptures laid against a wall to the right side of the gudi. Among them are to be found the idols of a female and a male deity, a Jina sitting in the dhydna posture with a seven-hooded cobra above his head, a broken Jina figure exquisitely carved and a third Jina image without the cobra-hood above the head. There are besides, the images of dwarapdlakas and Ndgis in plenty. 

About two are three fur- longs away from this place is the Virabhadra temple which is the centre of our interest at Pudur. The temple consists of an entrance porch, a small pillared hall and the main shrine behind it. Above this structure is a stepped conical sikharci with an inverted kalasa at the top. The main shrine contains a Sivalinga while to the Southern wall of the hall is set up an image of Virabhadra. 

To the North of this temple is a small shrine containing a slab on which is carved in relief a figure with folded hands and the tail curving above the head, resembling the figure of Hanuman. 

Parallel to these structures and to the further North is a choultry of recent construction, with a Northern wing. A mud-wall recently built starts before the entrance to the Virabhadra temple and joins the Eastern wall of the choultry. This wall and the exterior of the Western wdll of the choultry are important from the sculptural point of view. Being recent erections they contain a number of beautifully sculptured slabs and beams. Below is a list of some of the important slabs built into the former.
  1. Four figures of Nagis each with a sword and a shield in the hand. 
  2. A man and a woman on horseback below a seated Jina figure with a woman holding chamara on either side.
  3. Two men on horseback one piercing the other.
  4. A seated Jina with two warriors fighting with swords below
  5. Many slabs with single and many-hooded cobras.
On the exterior of the Western wall of the choultry are found the following sculptures
  1. The cross-beam of a doorway with Qajalakshmi in the centre,
  2. Another beam containing Siva in the dancing posture,
  3. A pillar on which are carved in relief the scenes of Rama and Sita going to the forest and Rama cutting the nose of Surpariakha
  4. A peculiar slab containing a Jina with chamara-bearers on either side and a Linga on a pedastal in the first row; a horseman below the Jina fighting with a sword and an infantry man piercing the former's horse with a spear, in the second row; a man in the falling posture and below him a dead body, both in the centre of the slab below the second row
Besides the temples and sculptures described above, Pudur contains no less than six inscriptions which belong to three successive centuries, and throw much light on the religious history of this part of the country during early medieval times.

1088 AD : Hallakarasa
On a slab by the road side near the Mallikarjuna gudi, a canarese inscription dated 12th year of the Chalukyavikrama era, recordsthat in the time of Tribhuvanamalla his subordinate Pundura Hallakarasa made several gifts of land in and round Pudur to his guru Kanakasena- bhattaraka of the Pallavajinalaya, which belonged to the Dravila samgha. 

Mahamandalesvara Rajasekhara
A canarese fragment on a broken slab in the road very near the above which chief with the usual dynastic titles. This vikrama era though the actual figure is mentions Mahamandalesvara Rajasekhara a telugu choda chief 

In the Kesavasvami temple a workout record of chieftain who calls himself Kandura-pura-vara-dhisvara

On the cross-beam bearing Gajalakhmi, carved in the upper and lower margins are “Sri Poravana gavunda madisida” and Svasti Saka-varisa Sarvajit Samvatsara

On a pillar in the interior of the Northern wing of the choultry and 'half built into the wall is a Telugu record on which the words and are prominent Prajapathi Samvatsara Jagadala

Towards the Southern end of the village on a slab near the Hanuman shrine, is a long canarese inscription dated Chalukya Vikrama Era 13 which registers a gift of Pundura Hallakarasa.

These inscriptions reveals many interesting facts. The Sanskrit verse tells us that the ancient name of Pudur was Pundurapura and that it had a fortress. Evidently the low mud wall to the North of the Kesava temple to which we have already referred formed part of the ancient fortress of Pudur. At the beginning of inscription No. i there is a figure of a Jina sitting in dhyana posture. The inscription records a gift to the Pallavajinalaya whose prosperity is hailed in the first two lines thereof. The second and third sides of the record are descriptions of the temple which the Sanskrit verse tells us, was situated in a beautiful mango grove. 

Pudur seems to have been ruled over by Hallakarasa in the last quarter of the 12th century. Later on probably the Telugu cholas held this place as inscription no. 2 above indicates. The letters in inscription No, are distinctly Telugu characters of the early 13th century and resemble those of the Kakatiya inscriptions. The occurence of the word "Jagadala’" and the mention of the erection of a Siva temple in the visible part of this record afford the clue for determining the date of this inscription. JagadaJa a subordinate of Kakatiya Ganapatideva appears in the Pakhal inscription. Further the reign of that monarch also witnessed a strong Saivite reaction against the Jainas. Hence I would ascribe this inscription to Jagadala a general of Ganapatideva and assign it to the cyclic year Prajapati ’corresponding to 1211A. D. This fragment indicates how Pudur became a part of the Kakatiya empire and a Saivite centre. 

In the Kesavasvami temple a worn out record of a chieftain Rajasekhara a Telugu Chola gives us the political history of Pudur in subsequent times. The “Yatha- sldk-tatparya-Raraayapamu’ dedicated to Raja China Somabhupal of Gadwal mentions that about the middle of the 17th century a certain Virareddi was the ruler of Pudur and that his only daughter Bakkamma was married to Raja Peda Somabhupal the Nadagaud of leeza. Later this chieftain founded the fortress of Gadwal and transferred his head quarters to it. Since then Pudur formed part of the Gadwal sainasthan. Continued neglect reduced the fort and other fortifications into ruins. Only the mud-wall remains today as the pitiable survivor of the past glory of Pudur.

In Telangana both Jainism and Brahminism flourished without any hitch till the close of the nth century. With the advent of Virasaiva in the middle of the next century the situation changed. A strong movement of merciless persecution was started by the Vira Saivas against the Jainas. Telugu and Kanarese literatures of this period contain harrowing tales of the wholesale destruction of the Jainas, their books and temples. This wave of destruction swept the nooks and corners of the Western Chalukyan empire. The Jaina settlement at Pudur also seems to have suffered in this connection. But for the images of Virabhadra and the linga in the main shrine, the Virabhadra temple is a compact little Jaina shrine.

 Of the broken sculptures in the Mallikarjuna gudi the male and the female deity and the Jina figure with the cobra-hood above its head may be taken to constitute a triad representing ParSvanatha and his attendant Yaksha and Yakshipi. I believe that the Virabhadra temple of today enshrined this triad besides a number of allied deities and went by the name of “Sri Pallava Jinalaya’’ in the 12th century as inscription No. i mentioned in this paper would indicate. It is likely that in the middle of the 13th century, when Pudur was conquered by the Kakatiyas, the champions of Saivism, set in the reaction against the local Jainas. Sculpture on the exterior of the Western wall of the choultry is symbolic of this reaction. The representation of a Jina over one and of a Lingaover another of the two fighters on this slab indicates that of these two warriors each championed one of the two rival faiths and fought out the issue. The result, as the presence of the Saivite idols in what was origi" nally a Jaina temple would indicate, was victory to the 6aivas* As a further consequence of the victory, the Saivas must have set up many temples here of their own type. Probably the cross-beam contain- ing the image of ^iva in the dancing posture adorned one of the main temples of the Saivas. On questioning the old men of the place, I came to know that all the sculptured pieces in the Virabhadra temple were recovered from the ground while ploughing or sinking wells. It is likely therefore that the neighbourhood of the temple contains many temples and inscriptions in its bosom.

Thus Pudur and its antiquities are of very great interest to the archaeologist and the student of history. In the broken sculptures andthe half-buried inscriptions of this place we find the echos of the general progress of the political and religious history of the Deccan.



THE ANTIQUITIES OF PUDUR* M. RAMA RAO, M. A., B, Kd.
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Raja Narsa Goud

Raja Narsa Goud (1866-1948) was a philanthropist known for his significant contributions to charities, especially those caring for people with leprosy. Raja Narsa Goud paid for the construction of the first water tank in Nizamabad and for further plumbing works with Cheelam Janakibai, head of Sirnapalli. 

Goud accepted the title of Raja, bestowed by Mir Osman Ali Khan. 
King George V gave a medal to Goud during a 1930 visit, in recognition of his service to his community. 

The legendary fame of the late Raja Narsagoud of Nizamabad as a friend of the poor was such that people inneed would land up in front of his house seeking him out even 30 years after his death. Narsagoud became alegend in his lifetime and itinerant bards who had composed and sang songs in his praise, citing his innumerable good deeds and sang them in village after village, had spread far and wide, even beyond Hyderabad State, his name.

Narsagoud was one of the richest men of the then princely state of Hyderabad, Deccan. He was one of the three leading excise contractors in the Hyderabad Dominion with business interests in Karimnagar, Nizamabad and Adilabad districts. His fame as a friend of the poor and as a giver was not just limited to Hyderabad but spread as far as Benaras. According to a well-know story, the then Rani of Sirnapalli, JanakiBai went in a special train to Benaras with a huge entourage. As the story goes, when awed on lookerswanted to know who this VIP was, the answer they got was “Rani of Sirnapalli.” But where is Sirnapalli, the onlookers asked. The answer came : In Narsa Goud’s Nizamabad! Narsagoud’s business office in PeddaBazar of Mancherial in Adilabad district, was as big and as busy as a Tehsil Office, according to an old-time resident of Mancherial, Jaganmohan Reddy.

Born in 1866 in Nizamabad district, Narsagoud was the youngest of three children. While his elder brothers, Ramagoud and Lakshmagoud managed the excise business of the family and were constantly on the move, Narsagoud managed the administration and finances of the business, based in Nizamabad town. The triostrengthened the family’s considerable fortunes vastly, making them one of the wealthiest in the state.

Narsagoud not only had a highly developed business sense but was driven by a passion to contribute tosociety. He made no distinction of religion and caste when he gave. He generously donated for theconstruction of temples, masjids and dargahs. He built homes or dharamsalas for the poor and ‘satrams’ forBrahmins, among others in Kotgalli and another in Kantheshwar in the town. When a Christian priest inPeddapalli, now in Karimnagar district, brought to his notice that he had no dwelling, Narsa Goud promptlygot a house built for him. Such was his social concern that Narsa Goud had wells dug every few km on theroad from Nizamabad to Mancharial for the benefit of travellers. He set up homes for the homeless in Vimrivillage and in Kantheshwar. Every year, before the onset of winter he would distribute a pair of chappals anda ‘gongali’ or blanket to the poor to keep them warm. During summer, he would organise mass feeding ofpoor with ‘ambali’ or porridge and jaggery ‘pakam’ to fight the searing heat.

The Kantheshwar and Pahadi Dargahs in Nizamabad were constructed by him. As a great worshipper of LordShiva, Narsagoud retrieved and re-constructed the ancient Shiva temple of Kantheshwar in Nizamabad andconstructed the Shambhuni Gudi in Nizambad and the Shiva temple at Sarangapur, among others. Hedonated large sums of money to the Mecca Masjid and had the Gurudwara for Sikhs constructed inNizamabad.

Impressed by the work of Dr. Isabel Kerr, a missionary of the Methodist Church, among lepers in the villages of Nizamabad from 1907 onwards, he supported the idea of a permanent treatment centre for them and donated 60 acres of land at Dichpally and an unspecified amount to set it up. The Leper Home was started in1915 which was later converted into a hospital and rechristened as Victoria Hospital in 1928. Narsagoud canbe thus credited with enabling the setting up of one of the earliest leprosy treatment centres in India. Narsagoud was also responsible for the setting up of the district’s first ever maternity hospital or Jajgikhana, as it was then called. He had the building constructed and handed it over to the government to run it. Whenthe district administration could not find funds to introduce piped water supply in Nizamabad town, it turned toNarsa Goud who funded it.

Narsagoud was a great believer in education and nursed talent in the poor by financing the education of bright youngsters. Those whom he supported belonged to all castes and they went on to become topengineers, judges and even an MP in Lok Sabha. He was responsible for starting the first girls school inNizamabad. He donated the building for it. Narsagoud was the founder of the Goud Hostel in Hyderabadwhere the young boys of the community were given free board and lodge as they studied. He regularly visitedthe hostel and took care of the special needs of the hostellers. Every Christmas, Narsagoud would distributeclothes and other essentials to the inmates of the Dichpalli Leprosy Hospital. In the 1930’s, Narsagoud hosted the Andhra Maha Sabha Conference in Nizamabad.

A unique characteristic of Narsagoud was that he did not believe in having any record of his contribution tothe society. So much so when his only son Ramagoud installed a plaque without his father’s knowledge, inthe Maternity Hospital stating it was constructed by Narsagoud, the latter had the plaque removed when hecame to know about it. He however gracefully accepted the title of “Raja” bestowed on him by “His ExaltedHighness,” Fath Jang Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Asif Jah, VII Nizam of Hyderabad State in recognition ofhis contribution to society and especially to improve the quality of life of the poor. Such was Narsagoud’sstanding with “His Exalted Highness” The Nizam of Hyderabad that he was allowed the privilege of sittingnext to him.

Narsagoud encouraged his son Ramagoud’s entrepreneurial zeal who introduced the silent film to Nizamabad and later, the talkies, too. Ramagoud set up Nizamabad district’s first-ever rice and oil mill and Narsagoud later on financed the secondrice and oil mill of the district, set up by Ranga Reddy in Bodhan.

Raja Narsa Goud died on 4 April 1948 at the age of 82. His death occurred during the Standstill Agreement when Razakars paramilitaries were active. Goud's family were nervous of taking his body to the crematorium for fear of encountering violence, but Muslims that they met along the way helped to carry Narsa Goud's body with them, in respect for Goud's support of people of different castes and creeds.

Muslim men from almost every house thus helped the passage of body on its final journey, with love, respectand dignity. The homage paid by the Muslims to Narsagoud was perhaps the most touching and anappropriate recognition of his contribution to humanity. Narsagoud, both in his lifetime and in his death, showed that ties of love and respect were more enduring than those of hate. As a Muslim poet wrote in his honour, Hyderabad State did not have a more generous man than Narsagoud and that his generositysurpassed even that of Hatim Tai, the legendary Arab king whose name is synonymous with wisdom, courage, generosity and selflessness.


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Balmuri Kondal Rayudu

Balmuri Kondal Rayudu and his acolyte/lieutenant Bhogam Sani had been from Manal fort in Karimnagar where they lived between AD 1690 and 1720, ultimately ruling surrounding regions for around 27 years. 

They had been resentful of the Mughal empire’s rule and had declared a war against Aurangzeb, who was alive till 1707, and even captured several forts, such as Induru Fort in Nizamabad, from the empire’s control. Belonging to the Velama community, they had wished to protect the local culture and traditions and were afraid that Muslim rule would jeopardise it.

They ruled these areas up until, in 1720, they were defeated by the Nizam, who had declared independence from the Mughal empire, in Pallikonda near present-day Bheemghal town. They had lost their lives and their ‘tale of sacrifice’ has been a part of oral tradition in the area ever since.

After the two men passed away, their bravery went on to inspire other rulers in nearby areas. Seelam Janaki Bai, the only woman ruler of the Sirnapally dynasty in Nizamabad, installed idols of these leaders in her fort. Since then, Rayudu and Sani became inspirational figures with a demigod status.

Centuries passed but the two men remained revered as minor deities. However, things changed in 1953 when Nizamabad town was battered by floods and plagues of Cholera. The town’s people got together and formed a committee consisting of people from all castes. They called it the Sarvasamaj Committee.

They decided to pray to the nine gods of the town and added two more - Balmuri Kondal Rayudu and Bhogam Sani. The committee overlooks the Urapandaga festival in which the idols of these gods, which are freshly made each year, are prayed to. Thriveni revealed these details at a programme held by the Sarvasamaj Committee on Sunday during the Urapandaga celebrations.


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Haihaya Chiefs

Heheya Kingdom (also known as Haihaya, Haiheya, Heiheya, etc.) is one of the kingdoms ruled by Chandravanshi (Yadava) kings in central and western India. The Puranas style the Haihayas as the first ruling dynasty of Avanti.

Mahishmati was an ancient city and the capital of Haihayas in the present-day central India on the banks of Narmada River, although its exact location is uncertain. 

A number of early medieval dynasties, which include the Kalachuris and the Mushakavamsha Mushika Kingdom of Kerala, claimed their descent from the Haihayas.

Kartavirya Arjuna

Niladhwaja in Mahismati

Suradeva of Ratanpur conquered Telingana

Haihayas were subdued in the seventh century by Vinayaditya, the Western Chalukya king Vinayaditya, and Mahishmati was incorporated in his kingdom. The Haihaya chiefs then served as governors under the Chalukyas.

Aralu Branch(Sedam, Chitpur in Kalaburagi district in Karnataka)
Aralu 300 region

Chanda, Nimba, Allapuli, Chanda bhupalaka II, Ayyana, Muvadi ganda, Revarasa

1038 AD  - 1054 AD: Revarasa
Wife : Maliyabbarasi
1042 AD : One of them , belonging to Yewur and dated 1042 , states that he was the subordinate of Jayasimha II and that he was the son of Chanda .

24 Dec 1054 AD : Kembhavi Inscription Chanda, Nimba, Allapuli, Chanda bhupalaka II, Ayyana, Muvadi ganda, Revarasa

1035 AD - 1058 AD : Anemarasa I  or Yanemarasa I

1035 - 1038 : Kanduru Anemarasa : Record from Mallesvaram Saka 955 and Saka 960 

1058 AD An inscription found at Nagai in Gulbarga dated 1058 AD, Ayyarasa of Haihaya family was ruling Kandurnadu under Somesvara I.


1058 AD - 1071 AD Bacharasa
Queen Kalabbarasi
Bacharasa issued an inscription in his own name- without mentioning his overlords , the Chalukyas of Kalyana . This inscription from Ingalgi in Chitpur has a date corresponding to 1071 A.D.


1096 AD - 1104 AD : Anemarasa II  or Yanemarasa II
Mahamandelesvara Anemarasa was the successor of Bacharasa. He appears in 1096 AD as the subordinate of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI

Kammaravadi Inscription, the reign of Tribhuvanamalla (Vikramditya VI) mentions Yanemarasa of the Haihaya Vamsa with the title of ' Lord of Mahishmati ' . He was ruling in 1104 A.D. , the territory in the neighbourhood of Kammaravadi in the old Hyderabad State

Sankarasa

Bijjarasa II (Son Lokaditya)
Lokadityarasa (Bijja ankakara)

1129 AD : Mallidevarasa
As per Hirebudanur inscription, ruling Mahishmati

1142 AD : Rayaparaja
25th June 1142 AD : Peddavuru, Nalgonda.
This inscription is in Telugu prose and dated Saka 1064, Dundubhi Ashadha Sukla 1, Thursday (A.D. 1142, June 25). It records a grant of two mattars of land to the god Kamisvara of the village Uriya (Peddavuru) for the daily worship etc., by Mahamandalesvara Rayapa Raju of the Haihaya dynasty. The donor is attributed with all the prasasti commonly met with in the epigraphs of the Haihaya dynasty.

2nd July 1142 AD : This inscription is set up in front of Vishnu Kameswara temple. The inscription begins with the usual prasasti of the Haihaya kings and introduces Mahamandalesvara Rayaparaja who is stated to have made a gift of sixty puttis and two marturs vritti for the worship and offerings to the god Kamesvaradeva of Uriya in Gidvaka of the kings of his family.

1158 AD : Anemarasa III younger brother of lokaditya
Anemarasa II succeeded Lokaditya and he was a Mahamandaleshvara under Chalukya king Taila II in 1158 AD
Sons Bijjarasa, Yecharasa


ViraBijjarasa (Bijjarasa III,Anegadeva) (1209, 1221AD)(Queen Slriyadevi)
Yecharasa (Son Kacharasa)
Kacharasa (1212AD)

Suriyaraja
Battuvariguda, Miryalaguda Taluk. : Haihaya Chiefs
This inscription is on a slab in front of the Kameswara temple. The inscription begins with the prasasti of the Haihayas and seems to record the gift of some gold gadyas to the god of Uriya (i.e. Pedda uru) by Suriyaraja. Other details are not known and the last portion is unintelligible.

The Gonas or Konas (1190 AD - 1294 AD), of Haihaya descent, are the feudatories of Kakatiyas.




A Kona Rajendra choda Vennachodaya bearing the Kona Haihaya prasasti and his wife Nimmale Devi, daughter of Premkanti Virappa Reddi are mentioned in a record from Draksharama dated A.D. 1237. Vennachoda’s relationship to the main line is not known. A Kona Betaraja figures in a record from Kumaradevam dated A.D. 1247.

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