Hanumakonda District History

Hanumakonda or Hanamkonda district, (formerly Warangal Urban district) is a district located in the northern region of the Indian state of Telangana. The district headquarters are located at Hanumakonda. The district borders the districts of Jangaon, Karimnagar, Warangal, Bhupalpally and Siddipet.

The district was formed in 2016 by carving out Warangal Urban district from the erstwhile Warangal district. In August 2021, the Warangal Urban district was renamed as Hanumakonda district. 

753 AD - 973 AD : Rashtrakuta defeated Badami Chalukyas in 753 AD.
Founder : Dantidurga

Bhimarasa

872 AD : Khajipet, Hanumakonda District.
Framentary. The inscription introduces Satyasraya Bhimarasa who obtained the privilege of using the pancha-maha sabdas (five musical instruments) and the status of mahasamantadhipati by serving (his overlord Amoghavarsha Sri Prithvi Vallabha Maharajadhiraja Paramesvara Bhattara) and records the grant of money to certain local officials and lays down fines for certain officers.

939 AD - 967 AD : Krishna III

Inavol, Warangal : This record is written in Hale-Kannada script of the tenth century A.D. and the donor, holding the offices of angaraksha and tantrapala in the services of the king Satyasraya, was none other than the Rashtrakula king Krishna III, the name and titles suggesting connections with the prasasti of the Badami Chalukyas.

Recherla Nayaks

1361 AD - 1384 AD : Anavotha nayaka
Anavotha nayaka, son of Singama nayaka came to rule after his father and changed his capital from Amanagallu to Rachakonda.
19th July A.D. 1369  : Ayanavolu, Hanamkonda
This inscription is in the Milaradeva temple. The inscription which is in Sanskrit verse and Telugu prose describes the genealogy of the Velama chiefs of Recherla family and records the village of Ayyanavolu on Guruvara, Sravana su. 15, Saumya, S. 1291 (=Thursday, 19th July, A.D. 1369) to the god Mailaradeva for the anga and runga-bhogas and other forms of worship by Anapora Nayaka son Singama Nayaka. It is stated that the gift was made by the king who was ruling over Orugallu, Tribhuvanagiri, Rajukonda, Singavaram and other Telugu countries, on the occasion of visit to the temple of the god during the course of his digvijaya (conquest of the quarters). In the genealogical account it is stated that the Recherla family to which the king belonged was honoured by the Kakatiya kings. Vennaya, the progenitor, had a son called Dachaya. The latter in accordance with the command of Prataparudra conquered the Pandyas, thereby acquiring the title of Pandya-rayagaja-kesari (lion the elephant king). Dachaya`s son was Singa; and he in turn had two sons, Anapotanayaka and Madhavanayaka, who are said to have ruled the kingdom jointly.

The inscription was composed by the poet Naganatha, son of Pasupati Pandita the Kausika-Brahmarshi gõtra. The Sanskrit portion in 27 verses is named as Nakshatramala. Naganatha who was also author of Vishnupurana in Telugu.

1383 AD - 1399 AD : Singama nayaka-II / Singabhupala-II
After Anapotanayaka his son Singamanedu II ascended the throne of Rachakonda. Singam Nayaka II was also known as “Sarvajna Singa Bhupala” and he was a great writer and poet.

Before coming to the throne he captured the fort of Kalyani in Gulbarga district. It appears that he went to Karnataka to help the Bahamani kings and took this fort during the campaign.

1399 AD -1421 AD : Anavotha nayaka-II
After Singhabhupala II his son Immadi Anapotanayaka came to the throne in 1399 AD. He is also known as Kumara Anapotanayaka and Pinnamanayaka. He is a contemporary of the Bahamani sultan Firoz Shah. The burden of saving his kingdom from Bukkaraya fell on him. As per Velugotivari Vamsavali he saved 10,000 people from Metuku (Medak) Fort. It is possible that Bukkaraya went up to Medak fort victorious and laid seize to it and Anapotanayaka relieved and saved the garrison during this campaign.

1421 AD - 1430 AD : Madanayaka II
After Anapotanayaka, his brother Madanayaka came to the throne in 1421 AD.,probably because Anapotanayaka’s eldest son Singamanayaka was too young to assume charge.

1430 AD - 1462 AD : Singama nayaka-III

After Madanayaka his brother Anapotanayaka’s son Mummadi Singamanayaka came to the throne. He ruled from 1430 AD. onwards. From his time, the Rachakonda and Devarakonda kingdoms fell into decline and by 1433 AD., the forts of Rachakonda and Orugallu were taken over by the Bahamani Sultan.

1433 AD – 1518 AD : Bahmani Sultanate (1347 AD - 1527 AD)
Founder : Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu or Allauddin Hassan or Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah

Sep 22, 1422 - Apr 17, 1436 A.D : Ahmad Shah I or SHIHAB-UD-DIN AHMAD I

Gajapatis of Orissa
1460 AD : Gajapati Kapileswara
2nd February, 1460 A.D : conquest of Warangal Fort by Kapilesvara's son Hambira or Ambira and Raghudeva was the second in command. It is interesting to note that Hambira`s inscription is found on the eastern gate of the Warangal fort while Raghudeva`s record is incised on its western gate, locally known as the fifth gate. This appears to show that the two leaders of the Gajapati forces led the attack on the Warangal fort from two different sides.

The conquest of Warangal by the generals of Kapileswara is one of the events in the struggle between the Bahmanis of Gulbarga and the Gajapatis of Orissa. Varumgallu(Warangal) within the domination of Umainusaha (saha) described as the Suratana of Kalubaraga, i.e. the Bahmani Sultan Humayan Shah (1458-61 A.D.) of Gulbarga

This land is stated to have been situated in the western tract of the Andhra country which formed a part of
Bharatavarsha lying in the Jambudvipa section of the earth. This is in consonance with the old conception according to which Jambu-dvipa was one of the four or seven dripas constituting the earth.

The inscription is important as it confirms the statement of Firishta that the Gajapati king intervened in the political affairs of Telingana to the detriment of the interests of the Bahmani kingdom. Firishta states that when the Bahmani forces besieged Devarakonda, the Gajapati king sent some forces to help the ruler of Devarakonda. It was probably this same expeditionary force that marched to Warangal after relieving Devarakonda, and under the command of Ambira-deva succeeded in capturing the Warangal fort. The name of the fort, Varumgallu, is interesting as a development from Orugallu. 

1460 AD - 1529 AD : Dharma Nayaka brother of Singama Nayaka III

1462 A.D: Shayampet inscription - Dharmanayudu / Dharmanayaka, brother of Singama nayaka-III was appointed as the ruler of Warangal. However, now Recherla Nayaks lost their independence and became the tributaries of the Gajapatis of Orissa.

21st April, A.D. 1464 : Sayampeta, Parakal 
This long but incomplete inscription belongs to the Recherla chiefs, and records the gift of the village of Muccherla together with Mandapalle in Kothagattu sthala included, in the Voruganti Sima, with all the rights together with all the cultivators (Krishi valulu) on the occasion of lunar eclipse to God Tiruvengalesvara of Machcherla and to 12 Ayyangars and 12 Mahajanas both numbering 24 by Ravu Dharma Naidu’s son of Pinnamanayadu and Singamamba, grandson of Peda Anapotanayaka. The chief bears all the usual titles of the Recheria chiefs including, Kakatirajya Sthapana Acharya. The gifted village was divided into 34 vrittis of which 10 vrittis were allotted for the God Tiruvengalesvara of Macherla. 12 vrittis to Ayyangars and 12 vrittis to Mahajana and for the 24 murttis. On the second side, the name of the donors with their gotras and pedigrees are given. This is dated in S. 1386, Tarona, Vaisakha Su. 15. Vaddavara, Lunar eclipse; corresponding to Sunday 21st April, 1464 A.D.

This inscription is on a stone pillar erected about two furlongs off from Venkateswara temple, dated S. 1386, Tarana, Vaisakha su 15, Saturday, Lunar eclipse, (A.D. 1464, April 21). This inscription records the gift of villages Maccherla and Mada situated in Kottagattu sthala and Warangallu sima, by Dharmanayaka son of Pinnamanayaka, grandson of Peda- singamanayaka, and great grandson of Peda Annavota Nayaka of the Recherla family to the god Tiruvengaleswara of Maccherla, 12 ayyangars and 12 mahajanas. It is interesting to note that vrittis 10 to the god, 12 to the ayyangars and 12 to the mahajanas altogether 34 vrittis were granted to the donees together with the cultivators attached to them. The inscription contains a long list of the donees with their parentage and gotras.

Bahamani Sultan Muhammad Shah II defeated Lingama Nayaka and occupied Rachakonda and Devarakonda.

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Aggalayya Gutta Jain Temple

Aggalayya gutta is located in Hanamakonda, Padmakshi temple road, Hanumakonda district,Telangana state, India. It was also a jain ayurvedic medicine center around 11th century

This Jain site on the Aggalayya gutta has a 30-feet-tall engraved statue of the 16th Jain Tirthankar Shantinatha and a 13-feet-tall statue of 23rd Tirthankar Parshvanatha on a huge boulderstone on a hillock.

The Shantinatha statue is the second tallest Tirthankaras statue in South India after Karnataka’s Bahubali Tirthankara, and the plan is to make it a Jain Vanam. Statue of the Mahavira is also there in a cave on the hillock.

The hillocok was named after, Aggalayya, who constructed a ‘Jinalaya’ that served as a research centre for teaching doctrines of religion, medicine, and surgery.

Aggalayya who was an ayurvedic doctor and researcher of 11th century taught Ayurveda to students at this center. He worked extensively on teaching and propagation of doctrines of religion, medicine, surgery, etc. The Sirur inscription of Medak mentions Aggaalaih as the Chalukya King Jagadekas physician.

Though its is popular as Jain site, none could discover the fact that the hillock was a hub of ayurvedic treatment during 11th century. Some parts of the Gokarnam which is used to store ayurvedic potions and pour into the mouth of the patient, were also found at the site. The hillock was a place of medicinal plants. “I have seen may mortars at various locations, but mortars made on the rock on the Aggalayya Gutta are unique amon them” said Ratnakar Reddy.

Aggalayya gutta also has a lot trees and plants which makes the place breathable

Near Hanumakonda bus station and Chowrastha. Around half Kms. Around 600 steps are there to reach top of the hill . Opens at 9 A.M and closes at 6 P.M

This site is developed under National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme by KUDA (Kakatiya Urban Development Authority) in 2017.

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Aggalayya

Name : Aggalayya (1034 AD - 1074 AD)
Spouse : Vallikambe

Born : c. 1000 AD 

Died : c. 1080 AD

Profession : Royal Physician (Ayurveda), Mahasamantha 

Titles : Vaidyaratnakara Pranacharya, Mahasamanta and Vaidyasikhamani 

Religion : Jainism

Inscriptions : Yadadri Bhuvanagiri (Saidapur or Saidapuram), Sangareddy (Sirur, Singuru in Narayankhed Mandal) from 1034 AD to 1074 AD

Aggalayya who is stated to have been specialist in Sastra (surgery) and Sastra (Science) and was capable of curing even the severe diseases that cannot be cured by other physicians.

The records describe the proficiency of Aggalayya in Ayurveda with particular reference to his skill in Sastra-vaidya or treatment of diseases by surgical methods.
 
It is interesting to note that surgery in the system of Ayurveda was practised with efficiency in those days. Aggalayya is stated to be the royal physician.

Aggalayya has not only been praised as an efficient physician or surgeon but has also been mentioned as a religious person, a devout Jaina who was always helpful to good people and he looked after the healthy well being of all. He always stood for the welfare of his friends and for the satisfaction of gurus . The inscription mentions that he was devoted to teach (the art of Surgery or Ayurveda to) the Jainas and was always ready for clearing the doubts of other physicians.

The inscription mentions that if any treatment by surgery was done anywhere and life was saved, i.e. it refers to critical cases, then, it was surely a good deed of Naravaidya Aggalayya and king Jagadekamalla.

It is interesting to note that the merit of the saving the life of a critical patient by treating him with surgical expertise, was shared between the physician and his employer or patron in whose service Aggalayya
was employed. 

The inscription further eulogizes Aggalayya by saying that he could even cure the diseases in their advanced stage or serious stage {prakarsa) declared by other physicians as incurable. For this reason his fame had spread in all regions. 

The inscription mentions Aggalayya as verily the god Brahma himself or Brahma personified. Aggalayya being a devout Jaina and surgeon by profession, his association and assimilation with Brahma
shows the process of integration or appropriation of the Brahma cult in the Jaina religious tradition. 

Brahma being the deity par excellence for surgery mentioned in the pro-brahrhanical Ayurvedic texts like the Susruta Samhita his incorporation into the Jaina tradition to glorify a surgeon is explicable as the basic knowledge was taken from the common texts like the Susruta Samhita which again claims the Atharva
Veda as its principal source. 

These texts were not restricted to the followers of the bratimanical religion alone but were universally used. But the question that arises here is that why did the Jainas require a different system of medicine and surgery and why this Jaina medical school had its own texts on medicine and surgery which were highly
modified versions of the well known medical texts.

Chalukyan king Jayasimha II, this stone inscription records the gift of the village Muppanappali in Kollipaka 7000 for the maintenance of two Jaina Basatis built by certain Aggalayya who bears the titles Vaidya- ratnakara, Pranacharyya and Naravaidya. 

The inscription registers the gift of garden lands and house plots for residence and feeding the students and (rishis) by maha samanta Aggalayya, at the instance of his brother. In this, Aggalarasa is praised for his proficiency in medicine. The said gift was placed in the custody of Dharmasagara Siddhanta Deva of Sri Yapaniya samgha and Maduvagana. The donor himself was an ardent worshipper of Jaina Sasanadevi and Bahubali. The verses extol the heroic qualities of Aggalarasa and philanthropic qualities of Vallikambe, his wife.

While the king Someswara II (1068 - 1076 AD) was camping at Vankapura, his subordinate chief mahasamanta and Vaidyasikhamani Aggalarasa (Aggalayya) made gifts of grandson lands for the maintenance of the feeding house (dnasala). The gift was entrusted to a jaina preceptor Dharmasagara Siddhantadeva at the request of one Bahubali.

Saidapur Jaina Inscription of Jagadekamalla I, Saka 956 by Dr. G. Jawaharlal
The inscription contains the Chalukya prasasti of the king Jagadeka Malla I (i.e., Jayasimha II) and records the gift of lands in the gramas of Mucchnapalli, Tenkanamaddi and Juvvipakavādi and cash (drammas) for the daily rites and repairs (11.19,20) of the two basadis namely, the Buddhasena Jinalaya in Baliya Mucchanapalli and Vaidyaratnakara jinalaya in lkkuriki by Aggalayya, the Naravaidyaratnakara and Pranacharya who is also the Gavunda of Mucchanapalli.

Evidently the Vaidyaratnakara Jinalaya under reference is named after the physician Aggalayya himself, as he bore the title Vaidyaratnakara.

We are further told that the above forms part of the gift for the daily rites of the Jakabbeya and Rekabbeya basadis situated in Juvvipakavadi.

The third side of the inscription extols the greatness of the royal physician Aggalayya who is said to have been the wizard of Ayurveda Sastra and sastra (surgery). 

He is praised as the specialist in curing the diseases, pronounced as incurable ones by other physicians of the day (cf. asakya byadhepi pariah=bhishagbhir vyudhi prabhedhe tadupakamechatim Agglaram punaruhadaksham kathayamti chitrant||11.72-75). 

The king, stunned with the expertise of Aggalayya in the field of Ayurveda and Sastra chikista, is pleased to pronounce him as Aggalamge Gaggalah. The pointed reference made to the sastra chikitsa (surgery) in the Ayurveda methods reveals that the use of sastra by then was in a well developed stage and practised by the experts in Ayurveda.

The most interesting aspect about this inscription is that it brings to light (for the first- time perhaps) the use of sasta chikitsa (surgery) as a branch of the Ayurveda sastra (ayurveda vidam) being practised during the 11th century A.D.

No epigraphic source of the period sheds light either on the proficiency or practice of surgery in the Ayurvedic methods of treatment. Hitherto, several instances of general praise of the learning of Jaina teachers in some of the branches of knowledge are found in the inscriptions, but no specific reference to the Ayurvedic form of practice.

For instance, a record of the Saka year 1024 from Marol describes the learning of the Jaina teacher Ananta viramuni as having composed all Vyakarana (Grammar), Nighantu (Lexicon), Ganita (Mathematics). Vatsyayana (Erotics), Jyothisha (Astrology), Sakuna(Augury), Chhandas (Prosody), Manu (Law), Gandharva (Music), Alamkara (Rhetoric), Mahakavyanaka (Poetic/drama), Adhyamika (Philosophy), Arthasastra, Siddhanta and Pramanas. Secondly in one inscription of 11th century A.D. from Sudi, we are told that the world renowned Saiva teacher and scholar Somesvarapanditadeva was great not only in Tapas- charitra but also in learning which included mastery of Vaisesika, Nyaya, Samkhya, Sabdajnana and Mimamsa. Further, an inscription of the 11th century A.D. from Mulgund mentions the two Jaina grammarians, Narendrasena and his pupil Nyayasena who are said to have been proficient in many systems like Chandra, Katantra, Jainendra, Sabdanusasana of Saktayana, Paniniya, Aindra and Kaumara. Thus, it becomes clear that no recorded evidence so far makes a reference to the Ayurvedic sastra and sastra as a branch of learning.

Unfortunately this inscription sheds no light about Aggalavya's native place, his parentage, family and also the habitat of his ancestors. It is the first Jinakasana of the king Jagadekamalla I (the sole wrestler of the world) found in these parts of the Chalukyan empire.

It is also interesting to note that the king Jayasimha II after knowing the proficiency of the royal physician Aggalayya in the Ayurvedic 'sastra and 'sastra (surgery) conferred on him the pratipatti of Mahasamanta and made him the Gavunda of the grama Mucchanapalli. By this, it is known that persons of eminence are entrusted with positions of importance in the administration of the kingdom by the king.

The places mentioned in the record are Pottalakere, Kollipake-7000, Aleru-40, Ikkuriki, Mucchanapalli, Juvvipakevadi and Tenkanamaddi.

Of these Pottalakere may be identified with the modern Patancheru located at a distance of 26 Kms. away towards West of Hyderabad, the capital city of Telangana.

The place is mentioned as the capital of Jayasimha i.e. Jagadekamalla I, Kollipaka-7000 is the administrative division and the headquarters Kollipaka may be identified with the modern Kulpak in the Nalgonda district of Telangana. It is at this very Kulpak, several Jaina records big and small, pertaining to different dynasties have been found. Even today this place is being considered as a Jaina pilgrim centre. Aleru-40 is the numerical unit within the division of Kollipaka-7000. The headquarter of this unit namely Aleru is the same modern place Aleru situated a few miles away from Kolanpak.

Ikkuriki, the grama where Vaidhyaratnakara Jinalaya is situated, may be identified with the modern village Ikkuriki in the Motakondur circle of the Bhongir. Other places are not identifiable satisfactorily.

Jaina philosopher and medical practioner Samantabhadra is said to have founded a new school of medicine or his own lineage known as Samantabhadra sampradaya. This tradition was further developed by Pujyapada with his contributions to every branch of medical science.

Pujyapada authored texts like Nidanaratnavali, Vaidyakagrantha, Madanakamaratna, Ratnakaradyutasadha and Yogagrantha. Another work of Pujyapada is the text Vaidyamrita which is again not yet discovered. 

This is also known through a secondary source i.e. the work of another Jaina physician Gomatadeva. 

Pujyapada might have flourished around the 5th or 6th century CE. Pujyapada's medical

literature has been often praised in the works of both contemporary and later physicians and is often credited for driving away ill health by his teachings. 

Ugraditya another Jaina physician composed the work Kalyanakaraka in two parts containing 20 and 5 chapters respectively, consisting of 8000 verses. 

This was mainly a compilation of the previously known texts of the Jaina Vaidya sastra and to this text was added by Ugraditya two more new chapters as annexure named Rista and Hitahita . 

Scholars or adherents of this Jaina Vaidya shastra were against the use of animal substances and practice complete non-violence. They not only abstained from animal substances for any kind of cure but also condemned non-vegetarian diet. 

Ugraditya had given at the court of Amoghavarsa long discourse on the uselessness of flesh diet in an assembly where many learned men and doctors had assembled.

Ugraditya was a staunch Jaina and believed in complete abstinence so much so that he even did not prescribe honey which is one of the most frequently used elements in Ayurvedic system of medcine, instead he prescribed the use of jaggery which according to him gave the same results.

The inscription further mentions that centres for preparation of medicine both herbal and chemical-mineral or herbal-mercurial were there. These were Jakabbe and Marakabbeya basadis and for their maintenance lands were separately granted in Buddhipaka along with Muppanapalli as devabhoga by the king. 

The inscription is quite corroded yet the legible portions reveal that a flower garden, a residential place, certain measurement of black soil and along with these a water wheel were donated to the Kajali(ka)sthana attached to the two basadis mentioned above. These were functioning under the
Vaidyaratnakara Jinalaya. 

A sculpture of Aggalayya has been found at Hanumankonda the old capital city of the Kakatiyas. Like the Buddhist monasteries had arogyasala for the monks and also extended their services for the people staying in the locality similarly Jaina medical practitioner also extended their welfare services to the society at large.

Aggalayya gutta Jain Temple and Caves

Aggalayya gutta is located in Hanamakonda, Padmakshi temple road, Hanumakonda district,Telangana state, India. It was also a jain ayurvedic medicine center around 11th century

This Jain site on the Aggalayya gutta has a 30-feet-tall engraved statue of the 16th Jain Tirthankar Shantinatha and a 13-feet-tall statue of 23rd Tirthankar Parshvanatha on a huge boulderstone on a hillock.

The Shantinatha statue is the second tallest Tirthankaras statue in South India after Karnataka’s Bahubali Tirthankara, and the plan is to make it a Jain Vanam. Statue of the Mahavira is also there in a cave on the hillock.

The hillocok was named after, Aggalayya, who constructed a ‘Jinalaya’ that served as a research centre for teaching doctrines of religion, medicine, and surgery.

Aggalayya gutta also has a lot trees and plants which makes the place breathable

Near Hanumakonda bus station and Chowrastha. Around half Kms. Around 600 steps are there to reach top of the hill . Opens at 9 A.M and closes at 6 P.M

This site is developed under National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme by KUDA (Kakatiya Urban Development Authority) in 2017.

References
Epigraphia Telanganica Volume1 Pre-Kakatiya Telangana
Majumdar, Susmita Basu. “AGGALYYA- A 11 th CENTURY JAIN SURGEON.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 73, 2012, pp. 175–79. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44156204. Accessed 3 Jan. 2024.

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Kaloji Narayana Rao

A giant of Telugu letters Kaloji Narayana Rao (9 September 1914 – 13 November 2002) born in Madikonda village of Warangal district Telangana. Real name is Raghuveer Narayan Lakshmikanth Srinivasa Ramraja Kaloji popularly known as Kaloji or Kalanna is a well known freedom fighter of India and a political activist of Telangana. He is known for his contributions in the social and literary. 

Honoured with the Padma Vibhushan in 1992, the second highest civilian honour in India for his excellent service in the literary and social, Kaloji brings grace and distinction to the award. He is a recipient of Tamrapatra in 1972. He received the award for the best translation of the 'Jeevana Gita' work in 1968 and Ramakrishna Rao Burgula first posthumous tribute was congratulated in 1981. He was honored with 'Praja Kavi' title.The Telangana government honored kaloji birthday September 9 as Telangana Language Day

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Parkal Massacre - September 2, 1947

On September 2, 1947, a patriotic desire to hoist national flag in

Parkal, then a small village in Warangal district, had ended a brutal massacre committed by Razakars.

Nizam’s men pumped bullets into people who had gathered in the town to hoist the tri-colour

The memories of the carnage are still remembered by the elders who witnessed the incident at that time. The incident has been referred to as the ‘Jallianwala Bagh’ of the south by former Premier P V Narasimha Rao.

It may be recalled that after Indian Independence on August 15, 1947, erstwhile Nizams of Hyderabad denied joining Indian Union and also enforced suppression against hoisting the tri-colour employing tyrannical army of Razakars. Anguished at not being allowed to hoist the national flag, the residents of Parkal and surrounding villages planned to raise the flag on September 2 to celebrate the Independence and gathered near a ground in Parkal. But an official of Nizams’ regime Ziauallah Khan cautioned the public to disperse.

But the public charged with patriotic fervour went ahead to hoist the flag. Then the Nizam’s police resorted to lathi charge and then opened fire killing people indiscriminately, explained nonagenarians Basani Murari and Reguri Chandra Reddy who witnessed the incident. “The Razakars ambushed those who wanted to hoist the flag and fired at them killing about 13 persons at Parkal and nine persons at other places,” they told The Hans India recalling the tales of dictatorial rule of Nizams.

“Everyone wanted to be liberated from Nizam’s tyranny as they are not allowed to hoist the national flag though the country was liberated from the rule of the British,” said freedom fighters P Veeraswamy and P Vaikuntam. According to Vaikuntam, Razakars tied three people to a tree and shot them brutally at Rangapuram village and they looted gold and money and molested women at Laxmipuram and set the village on fire.

“The history of Parkal massacre and other such incidents has to be included in the school text books and Telangana Liberation Day should be celebrated officially. The State government should take initiative in this direction,” they urged. “Successive governments have failed to acknowledge the Telangana Liberation Movement and honour the martyrs by officially celebrating Telangana Liberation Day. It is sad that even in separate Telangana it is not happening,” they lamented.

In 2003, former Union minister and present Maharashtra Governor Ch Vidyasagar Rao had built a memorial called ‘Amaradhamam’ at Parkal paying tributes to the massacre victims. The memorial was built in memory of his mother by Chennamaneni Chandramma Trust of Karimnagar. Incidentally, the back cover of the book titled ‘Uniki’ authored by Vidyasagar Rao and released by President Pranab Mukherjee some time back, features a picture of ‘Amaradhamam’ as a mark of respect to those who laid down their lives to fulfil their desire to hoist the national flag.






http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Commoner/2016-09-02/Nizams-tyranny-recalled/251862
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/when-razakars-unleashed-terror/article5087486.ece
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/elders-recount-parkal-massacre/article611312.ece

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Warangal Durries

Handloom to date remains one of the most rich traditional practice of the country. Geometric patterned durries remain the most famous durries from Warangal and are in demand both in national and international markets.

Lack of self-branding and promotions are the reasons that Durries made in Warangal are unable to market their uniqueness.

Warangal's famous durries are now available to the world: Weavers sell their products on Amazon

Recently, e-commerce giant Amazon signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Telangana Department of Handlooms and Textiles to help handloom clusters in Warangal, Pochampally etc. 

Durries of Warangal to date remain one of the few crafts left in the country that is still done by hand. It is still amazing to find weaver’s making an entire durry with traditional looms even when the rise in technology has led to the introduction of Power looms. 

In recent years, screen printing techniques and kalamkari prints were adapted to Warangal durries, extending the range of products. The designs that are characteristic of Warangal durries are geometric, angular motifs and coloured horizontal stripes.

Warangal durries have been famous for many reasons. The famous durries or rugs are made using vegetable colours, and are washed in flowing water after the printing process and became a renowned hub for weaving these rugs due to the availability of cotton, which is grown by farmers in the area. The craft has never faced the shortage of materials at any point of time. 

The colours used are distinct with reds and blues used in combination with neutral colours. The designs range also has flat weaves with raised or extra weft patterns. Pit looms and frame looms equipped with pedals are prevalent. A wide variety of durries are woven in cotton and also some jute and wool based durries for export and the home market.

The weaver’s continue to make the durry at minimal wages as it is the only practice they were taught by their elders. But the art of making durries is at a risk of continuation and needs protection. The weaver’s do not feel the competition as they are not exposed to the market demands, for them government purchases are enough to keep them going. 

Granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in March 2018. Once a GI tag is allotted to a product, the name becomes unique to that geographical area and cannot be used for products that are manufactured outside of it. Violation of GI tags is a punishable offence under the law.

Warangal has long been an important durry-weaving centre with a strong local flavour. The tradition of making Durries in Warangal dates back to the Mughal era, when the Mughal army came down to south in Deccan region of India, an army comprising of artists and craftsmen started making carpets and sooner the local people had accepted it as their part of regular income, passed down from one generation to the next for more than hundred years. It is highly labour intensive rural based cottage industry. 

The weavers in Warangal are either organized in cooperatives or work independently. A weaver's day usually begins at 6 in the morning-getting ready for the day ahead. Weaving is a year round job, the only holidays are on Eid and Amavasya when it is believed that work should not be carried out.

Females are active members in the process of making a durry. Both men and women have to work to ensure a basic standard of living. While the pit loom is only operated by men all other activities are carried out by females. Right from spinning the yarn to even operating the frame loom, the women carry out these functions very efficiently. One can also find women sitting outside household winding and spinning yarn that is then taken for weaving. Weaving a durry is hence a multi- fold process that starts right from the house of a weaver.

Weaver's rely heavily on natural light and one cannot find many tube lights or even fans at the workplace. The ceilings have been designed in a way to allow maximum sunlight to come inside, but during winter season or rainy days when the sun is not too kind, the weavers have to wrap up work early. Ventilation and Cleanliness are major concerns at the workplace. Since the raw material is cotton yarn one can find cotton fibres everywhere. These fibres are not removed on a regular basis as the administration feels that since it gets dirty so quickly, why bother to clean it. 

Warangal Durries are made on 3 different types of looms.

Pit Loom: A pit loom is used for weaving the carpet, which will be at ground level and is basically pedal and hand operated. The Shuttle is manually moved by hand. It is called Pit Loom because a pit needs to be dug in the ground for inserting pedals.
Frame Loom: Similar to pit loom, it has a pedal but doesnot need a pit to be dug. The only major difference is that in a frame loom the shuttle is not operated by the weaver but moves through a mechanism of pulling.
Power Loom: All operations on a power loom are automatic and only require manual insertion of the yarn.

Durry weaving is an established industry in Warangal with a large population of skilled weavers and facilities for dyeing. though the number of weavers have increased over the years, sales haven’t gone up proportionally.

These fine craftsmen are well known all over, as their durries have managed to become popular across India as well as abroad.

According to the Handloom Export Promotion Council, 80% of the handwoven durries sold in European and American markets are woven in India.

Pitta Ramulu is the first weaver to get recognised with a national award, according to The Hans India. He had won the ‘‘National Handloom Award’ for 2015. Ramulu’s durries can be found on Amazon.

It is the first time that a weaver from 100-year-old handloom industry of Warangal district got recognised with a national award. “After a long wait the skills of Warangal weavers are recognised at national level. This would help local handloom industry to flourish now,” he shared with The Hans India.

After finishing his sixth standard, Ramulu started to learn weaving at the age of 11 from his father P Rajeeru. They hail from Ankushapur in Chityal mandal and settled at Kothawada in Warangal in the 60s. He became a master weaver with the experience he gained from his father. He got APITCO training in 2001 in advanced weaving techniques.

For the award-winning durrie, Ramulu took the help of his tech-savvy sons Shanker and Sainath to get the hunting scene of Mughal era depicted in a painting which is displayed in a London museum. “It is an antique and complicated design. The efforts on the design got me the accolades,” Ramulu said.

Explaining about the work put into the durrie, Ramulu said that special type of yarn was picked up to match the pit loom’s dimensions. Special efforts were made to choose the dyes that match the painting and last long.

“I would continue to innovate with new designs. The award would help to get free entry at national and international level handloom exhibitions and ensure a good market for Warangal durries. I have displayed my products in Mumbai, Chennai, Suraj Kund and other places,” Ramulu said.

Warangal durries by Sanjoli Arora 

https://issuu.com/sanjoli_10/docs/warangal_durries

http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Commoner/2016-07-11/The-durrie-that-brought-acclaim-to-Warangal-weavers/241199

https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/warangal-durries-available-world-weavers-sell-their-products-amazon-69724


https://chaibisket.com/andhra-pradesh-telangana-arts-and-crafts/

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Biruduraju Ramaraju

Name : Biruduraju Ramaraju

Born : April 16, 1925 Devanoor village, Dharmasagar Mandal Hanumakonda District
Died : February 8, 2010 in Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy
Education : Graduated from Nizam College, PhD Telugu language and literature and folklore studies in Osmania University, Hyderabad.

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SRSP Kakatiya Canal

Kakatiya Canal is a major canal in the Telangana State in India. Its full name is SRSP Kakatiya Canalas the canal originates from the Sriram Sagar dam to  to the Lower Manair Dam (LMD) Reservoir to Khammam Reservoir

It feeds North Telangana by passing through the region for irrigation and as well as drinking water for major cities.

Kakatiya Canal is about 284 km long with 9,700 cusecs flow capacity and passing through Nizamabad,  Jagtia, Karimnagar, Warangal, Hanumakonda, Mahabubabad.

Suryapeta and Bhadradri Kothagudem Districts will benefited by inflow of Kakatiya Canal to Musi River.

This canal is an inter river basin transfer link by feeding Godavari River water to Krishna river basin in Warangal and Khammam districts. 4 Units of 9 MW each to generate 36 MW have also been set up to harness the water head before feeding water in to the canal.

Located at Km.146.00 of Kakatiya Canal on Manair River near Karimnagar is a balancing reservoir.

Nizamabad

Mendora, Velkatoor, Venchariyal, Yergatla

Jagtial

Dabba - Ibrahimpatnam - Regunta - Metpalli - Vellulla - Masaipeta, Peddapur, Ramarao Palle, Nagulpet, Vallampally, Mediaplli, Thatipally, Ambaripet, Anthargam, Manala, Lambadipalli, Namapur

Karimnagar

Raghampeta - Choppadandi - Konerupalli - Malkapur - Lower Maner Dam - Yadavulapalli - Alugunur - Manakondur - Devampally - Gattu Duddenapally - Narsingapuram - Kareempet - Singapuram - Huzurabad

Mulugu 

 Suraram - Laknavaram - Chinthagattu 

Hanumakonda

Paidipally

Warangal Rural
Mogilicherla - Geesugonda - Sangem - Konkapaka - Yellanda - Wardannapet - Rayaparthy - Muripirala Balancing reservoir - Venkateshwarapally

SRIRAMASAGAR PROJECT STAGE- II  comprises of (i) Extension of Kakatiya Main Canal from KM 284.00 to 346.00 (upto Musi river which joins in Krishna River) near Anantharam, Mahabubabad district.

Mahabubabad 

 Chinnavangara - Pedda Vangara - Narsingapuram Reservoir (Bayyana Vaagu) - Kodakandla

Proposed Kaleshwaram lift irrigation project water will be lifted to Sripada Sagar at Yellampalli in Ramagundam from this project and then it will be conveyed to mid-Manair reservoir.

Kakatiya canal repair work will be undertaken soon on a war footing and a sum of Rs 130 crore has been sanctioned for the purpose, Telangana Irrigation Minister T Harish Rao said today.

After carrying out the repairs, the water from the canal, which has a storage capacity of 8,500 cusec, would be available for irrigation, Rao said.

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kakatiya-canal-repair-work-to-start-soon-telangana-minister/1/504756.html

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P.V. Narasimha Rao

Name       : Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao (P.V.)
Born       : 28 June, 1921 in  Laknepalli, Warangal Rural, Telangana

Died       : 11 AM - 23 December 2004, New Delhi, India.

Profession : Lawyer, Politician

Education  : Osmania, University of Mumbai,Nagpur University

P.V. Narasimha Rao was the 10th Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996, who was the first holder of this office from non-Hindi-speaking south India.

He won eight consecutive elections and spent more than 50 years in his Congress party before becoming the prime minister of India. A father of eight children, he spoke 10 languages, and was a proficient translator. He first travelled abroad when he was 53, mastered two computer languages and wrote computer code in his 60s.

He ascended into Prime Ministerial office at a time when India was

stuck at its worst phase of economic turmoil. His keen foresight had initiated India to a path of liberalization, the ripples of which are felt by the country till date. Apart from being an astute politician, he was also a polyglot and a fond writer.

Probably the most under-rated leader, P.V.Narasimha Rao can be considered as one of the makers of modern India. If India has managed to shed it’s image of snake charmers and turned into a major IT hub and a promising economic superpower in the making, a significant part of the credit for this transformation must go to PV due to his bold economic reforms.

Often remembered as the 'Father of Indian Economic Reforms', PV Narasimha Rao saw many ups and downs in his career and personal life as well. He revolutionalised the Indian economy by courageously adopting modern policies that were never taken up before and pursued his passion for literature throughout his life.

Narasimha Rao was popularly called “modern day’s Chanakya” for being a visionary and steering in tough economic and political reforms at a time when India was going through one of the severest economic crises.

He could speak 9 Indian languages (Telugu, Hindi, Oriya, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Sanskrit, Tamil and Urdu) and 8 foreign languages ( English, French, Arabic, Spanish, German, Greek, Latin and Persian).

The only Telugu Man who has been the Prime Minister of India.

Under Rao’s governance, the Rupee was made convertible on trade account.
The idea of a nuclear test in India was first mooted by Narsimha Rao, though it was implemented by Atal Bihari Vyajpayee.

Rao played a vital role in the freedom struggle against the Nizam who ruled Hyderabad during the 1940s.

He along with his cousin, edited a Telugu weekly magazine called Kakatiya Patrika from 1948 to 1955.

A number of ministers across parties, including BJP leader Subramanian Swamy supported Rao’s name for the Bharat Ratna.

He initiated the ‘look East’ policy. It was during his tenure that India first recognized and revived its links with South-East Asia.

Narasimha Rao was the first PM of India to lead a minority government for a full term.

Came from a humble home. His intellectual centre was India.
He was adopted at the age of three by P. Ranga Rao and Rukminiamma, who hailed from agrarian families.

After completing his schooling he enrolled at the Arts college at the Osmania University from where he earned his Bachelor’s degree. He continued his studies at the Hislop College where he completed a Master’s degree in law.

When freedom struggle was at it’s peak in the State of Hyderabad, was nurtured by Late Swami Ramananda Tirtha of Hyderabad Princely State who played a very important role and guided the liberation movement against the oppressing Nizam. Rao trained himself as a guerrilla fighter to revolt against the Nizam and risked his life because the Nizam’s army was instructed to shoot such freedom fighters at sight.

In his autobiography, PV mentions that on 15-Aug-1947, while the nation was celebrating independence, PV was stranded in a forest trying to evade bullets from the Nizam’s army. Eventually, PV and his guerrilla team survived the gruesome war.

After independence, joined full time politics.

1957 - 1977 : Member, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly

1962 - 1964 : Minister of Law and Information
1964 - 1967 : Law and Endowments,
1967        : Health and Medicine
1968 - 1971 : Education

When the Indian National Congress split in 1969 Rao stayed on the side of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and remained loyal to her during the Emergency period (1975 - 77)

September 1971 - January 1973 : 4th Chief Minister of United Andhra Pradesh. Well remembered for his land reforms and strict implementation of land ceiling acts.

1968 - 1974 : Chairman, Telugu Academy, Andhra Pradesh

1972 : Vice-President, Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, Madras,

1975 - 1976 : General Secretary, All India Congress Committee

1977 - 1984 : Member, Lok Sabha

Elected to Eighth Lok Sabha from Ramtek in December, 1984.

1978 - 1979 : Chairman, Public Accounts Committee

He participated in a Conference on South Asia convened by the School of Asian and African Studies, London University. Shri Rao also Chaired Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan’s Andhra Centre;

Jan 14, 1980 - Jul 18, 1984 : Ministry of External Affairs
Jun 19, 1983 : “India’s Cultural Influence on Western Europe since the Age of Romanticism” speech given at Alpach, Austria

Jul 19, 1984 - Dec 31, 1984 : Minister of Home Affairs

Dec 31, 1984 - Sep 25, 1985 : Minister of Defence

Sep 25, 1985 : Minister of Human Resource Development

He handled Home, External, Defence and Foreign Affairs in the cabinets of both Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. He rose to prominence during this time.

PV had distinguished tenure as a foreign minister and he made a mark as an astute politician and calm and cool negotiator.

Jun 21, 1991 - May 16, 1996 : Prime Minister of India

By June 1991, India was facing a near-existential crisis.

Rajiv Gandhi had been murdered. The economy had tanked. The country had just enough foreign exchange to pay for two weeks of imports. Oil prices had trebled after the 1990 Gulf War, crippling an economy largely dependent on imported oil. Remittances from Indians working in the Middle East plummeted; and skittish Indians living abroad withdrew some $900m (£680m) from Indian banks.

Two weeks after Mr Rao took power, India sent 21 tonnes of gold to the Bank of England so that India could get dollars to delay defaulting on outstanding loans. Three states - Punjab, Kashmir and Assam - were wracked by separatist violence. The Soviet Union, India's closest internationally ally, was imploding.
Philosophical mentor

And yet, despite these odds, the doughty Mr Rao pushed reforms like no other Indian leader - foreign investment limits were raised, the stifling licensing system dismantled, monopolies of state-owned companies removed, tariffs reduced, and capital markets and banking reforms were undertaken. He did this by handpicking a technocrat finance minister Manmohan Singh, who later became prime minister himself. He also chose a bunch of officers, who were liberalisers, and backed them to the hilt. He even had his spooks gather reports on Sonia Gandhi and senior party members on their position on economic reforms.

To cut a long story short, the gamble paid off.

By 1994, India's GDP was increasing by 6.7% a year - and would be more than 8% for his final two years. Profits for private companies increased by 84%. Foreign exchange reserves had swelled by more than 15 times. The first private radio stations and airlines began operations. "The India that Mr Rao had inherited was... second-rate. By 1994, this pessimism had given way to confidence that India could compete with the best in the world without losing her soul," writes Sitapati in Half Lion: How PV Narasimha Rao Transformed India, his meticulously researched, warts-and-all, biography of the leader.

Dec 6, 1992 : Members of the VHP demolished the Babri Mosque (which was constructed by India's first Mughal emperor, Babar) in Ayodhya on 6 December 1992. The site is believed by Hindus to be the birthplace of the Hindu god Rama and is believed by the Hindu Community to be a place of a Hindu temple created in the early 16th century. The destruction of the disputed structure, which was widely reported in the international media, unleashed large scale communal violence, the most extensive since the Partition of India. Hindus were indulged in massive rioting across the country, and almost every major city including Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Bhopal struggled to control the Unrest. Many criticized the Rao administration for failing to quell the riots.

March 12, 1993 : Rao's crisis management after the March 12, 1993 Bombay bombings was highly praised. He personally visited Bombay after the blasts and after seeing evidence of Pakistani involvement in the blasts, ordered the intelligence community to invite the intelligence agencies of the US, UK and other West European countries to send their counter-terrorism experts to Bombay to examine the facts for themselves.
May 11, 1995 : His speech on Mahatma Gandhi at Unesco was a masterpiece.

Sep 30, 1993 : A strong earthquake in Latur, Maharashtra, also killed 10,000 people and displaced hundreds of thousands in 1993. Rao was applauded by many for using modern technology and resources to organize major relief operations to assuage the stricken people, and for schemes of economic reconstruction.

“Despite his caricature as being indecisive, Narasimha Rao was one of the most decisive leaders this nation has seen. On all crucial issues, he took decisions that have continued to shape India’s rise over the last two decades.

To historians, he was a man whose tenure as Prime Minister was highly eventful and important for modern India – one that should not be overlooked. It is, therefore, a sad thing that his name has been more or less disregarded in India’s history books, and his stature ignored in the annals of Indian politics.

Poet
A man of many interests, he likes music, cinema and theatre. His special interest lies in Indian philosophy and culture, writing fiction and political commentary, learning languages, writing poems in Telugu and Hindi and keeping abreast of literature in general. He has successfully published ‘SahasraPhan’, a Hindi translation of late Shri Viswanatha Satyanarayana’s famous Telegu Novel ‘Veyi Padagalu’ published by Jnanpith; ‘Abala Jeevitam’, Telugu translation of late Shri Hari Narayan Apte’s famous Marathi Novel, “Pan Lakshat Kon gheto”, published by Central Sahitya Academy. He translated other famous works from Marathi to Telugu and from Telugu to Hindi, and published many articles in different magazines mostly under a pen name. He lectured at Universities in the U.S.A. and West Germany on political matters and allied subjects. As Minister of External Affairs he travelled extensively to U.K., West Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Egypt in 1974.

The alleged scams and charges of paying money as bribes stood between PV and his political future. However, he came out of these clean recently not before he was humiliated, mentally tortured and subjected to negligence by his own party. Fall of Congress Govt, Rise of BJP and return of Mrs. Sonia Gandhi to the center stage of congress politics pushed PV into a state of oblivion. He faced all humiliations and court cases with courage and determination and even a novice in politics knows that he did not receive any support from his own party that he served with dedication and sincerity for decades.

A titan humiliated in death

He suffered a heart attack on 9 December 2004 and died 14 days later on 23 December 2004, at the age of 83.

Unfortunately when he was admitted to the hospital in New Delhi, some of the leaders were too enthusiastic and eager to announce his death and even passed a condolence message in hurry. PV in his typical amicable style announced from the hospital that he was still alive and these leaders had to wait for some more time. A tragedy indeed. At last the spirit of PV left his tired and worn-out body hoping that at least after his death, his mortal remains would be confined to flames in a befitting way at New Delhi with all dignities. Sadly, it was not to be as the future events proved. Alas! Fate however laughed at him in death too. The last request of PV to be cremated at New Delhi was not granted and his body was sent to Hyderabad for a State funeral. The former Indian Prime Ministers who all died while in position (Except Rajeev Gandhi) were cremated on the Yamuna banks at New Delhi. Including Sanjay Gandhi who was only an MP who died in an aircraft accident. It is very strange that the mortal remains of a distinguished Prime Minister were packed off to Hyderabad Ways of Indian politics are really weird indeed.

The body of Late PV had to further go through the ordeals and hiccups before it was confined to flames with the mandatory gun salute. At Gandhi Bhavan the citadel of Congress party in the State, the cartage was delayed at the gate for the reasons known best to the leaders concerned. At last, his sons under the overall supervision of Army consigned PVs body to the flames. However, the greatest insult to PV was still awaited even after his death. His half burnt body with head, shoulders, Torso intact was left lying on the pyre while the flames died down . There was none to care to ensure that the body was completely reduced to ashes. Some passers by aghast at the sight informed the authorities who rushed to the spot to complete the formalities. The photograph of the ghastly sight of the half burnt body staring at the sky was published in the newspapers. It looked as if PV was feeling sorry for the way the leaders treated him in his last journey and it was the misfortune of the Telugu people to witness such events. The distinguished scholar Statesman from our Telugu land had to meet most humiliating treatment at the hands of our leaders during his last journey after rendering most distinguished service to the nation. It speaks very low of Telugu people as a whole. I am sure at last the soul of PV must be happy and relieved of thankless people around him in the political field. All sane persons would surely miss him in years to come. We are definitely deprived of a Statesman scholar and such persons are born once in a while in this world amidst gangsters, criminals, cheats, thieves, gravediggers, opportunists, pseudo politicians, camp followers and sycophants who are masquerading as leaders in politics.

With half burnt body left on the funeral pyre staring at sky the Statesman was left high and dry by our thankless men. It was the day of eternal shame for our State. The insults to the great man are difficult even to pen.

Unsung hero of the India story

P.V Narasimha Rao reinvented India – so why is he the forgotten man?

It's unfortunate that the nation barely remembers Narasimha Rao, architect of the new India

The Congress party doesn’t want to remember him: it is based entirely on loyalty to the Gandhi family, and Rao was not a family member. But the nation should remember Rao as the man who changed India, and the world too.

If Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru gave the country a vibrant democracy, Rao (and Vajpayee) gave it a modern economy.In the 2000s, the cumulative effect of gradual reform finally made India an 8.5% miracle growth economy. Rao got no glory for this. How unjust! He deserves a high place in economic history for challenging the Bank-IMF approach on painful austerity, and focusing instead on a few key changes that produced fast growth with minimum pain. The World Bank itself later changed its policy and started targeting “binding constraints” (like industrial licensing).

It is a sad fact that the nation has failed to recognise this remarkable and only full-term prime minister from a southern state in any substantive manner. Alas, even the recently built airport in Hyderabad was named after Rajiv Gandhi.

PV Narasimha Rao is getting recognition at last, with Telangana deciding to honor the former Prime Minister posthumously, has declared that his birthday, June 28, will be celebrated henceforth as a State event.

Half Lion: How P.V. Narasimha Rao Transformed India; Vinay Sitapati - A portrait of P.V. Narasimha Rao that argues convincingly why he deserves to be ranked with popular world leaders.

Sitapati lavishes high praise on NarasimhaRao’s quiet but effective steps in restoring political stability, firmly laying the path to economic progress and launching new plans and projects for industrial development. As Atal Bihari Vajpayee said NarasimhaRao was the ‘true father’ of India’s nuclear programme. Scientist Dr. Arunachalam said that of the five prime ministers he worked with, Rao was the best in understanding the importance of technology in building national policy. Dr.A.P.J.AbdulKalam, lauding the professional excellence of NarasimhaRao, said that for Rao the ‘nation is bigger than the political system’. In the words of prime minister Vajpayee: “Rao told me that the bomb was ready. I only exploded it”. Sitapati writes that Rao was also the ‘crafter of a fresh vision for India in the world’.

The author is at his best in portraying Rao as a queer combination of lion, fox and mouse. “This ability to assess the situation and play mouse, lion or fox – as need be – was Rao’s paramount skill”. Analyzing the qualities of Rao’ head and heart Sitapati writes that as a young man Rao’s personality contained both Hamlet and Don Quixote. In childhood Rao ‘loved the sixteenth century Telugu poem RaghavaPandaveeyam that could be read as both Ramayana and Mahabharata as the situation demanded’. He displayed ‘a skill in dealing with state politicians that Indira Gandhi and Rajiv lacked’. Sitapati writes that Rao faced the same question which Machiavelli had tried to answer four centuries earlier. ‘How does one use power to do good, if gaining and wielding power requires one to do evil? ‘

"Rao was ahead of his times." It is a sentiment echoed by many in India today.

http://www.primepost.in/opinion/a-lively-narrative-of-a-turning-point-in-democratic-india.html

http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pv-narasimha-rao-10-things-you-did-not-know-about-modern-indias-chanakya/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao

http://guruprasad.net/posts/p-v-narasimha-rao-the-forgotten-hero-and-architect-of-modern-india/

http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/p-v-narasimha-rao-5510.php

https://natnewsnet.wordpress.com/2011/10/08/a-titan-humiliated-in-death-too-the-saga-of-late-pv-narsimha-rao-the-former-pm-of-india/

http://swaminomics.org/unsung-hero-of-the-india-story/

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/pv-narasimha-rao/1/702436.html

http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-p-v-narasimha-rao-2/

http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36791913

https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/exclusive/remembering-pv-narasimha-rao-the-forgotten-prime-minister/

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Recherla Nayaks

1326 AD - 1475 AD : Recherla Nayaks

Founder : Bethala Naidu or Dachanaya also known as Eradachanaya

Capitals: Anumagallu, Rachakonda and Devarakonda

The sasanas describe the founder of the kingdom as Dachanaya also known as Eradachanaya. Velugotivari Vamsavali however, describes the earlier three generations and terms Bethala Naidu also known as Chevi Reddy as the founder of this dynasty.

c. 1230 - 1262 AD : Recherla Bethala Nayak
After their dominance in Telangana areas, the Imperial Kakatiyas had been facing a triple threat from western, southern and eastern geographies. Ganapathi Deva (1199 AD - 1261 AD) was no exception. In 1230 CE, Sundara Pandya of the Pandyan Kingdom occupied the area of Telugu Chodas of Nellore. In 1233 CE, the Aniyanka Bhima of Eastern Ganga kingdom occupied the north coastal areas. Around the same times, the Kayastha chief, Gangaya Sahini, supposed to be subordinate to Ganapathi Deva started ruling independently from Pakanadu to Cuddapah. “To meet the triple challenge, Ganapathi Deva invited the help of the prominent and rising Recherla Betala Nayak. Amangallu was assigned to the new lieutenant which yielded not less than one lakh revenue.”13 Betala Nayak joined Kakatiya administration as a loyal subordinate. 

Recherla Bethala Nayak sons are Dama, Prasaditya and Rudranayakas. All these were in the service of the Kakatiyas under Ganapati Deva 

1262 AD - 1289 AD : Prasaditya Nayaka

After Ganapatideva’s death some Kakatiya senanis and samantas tried to prevent Rudrama Devi from coming to the throne.  Prasaditya nayaka, who helped Rudramadevi to became the ruler of Kakaityas, was given the titles of Kakatiya Sthapanacharya and Rayapita Mahanka. (when Rudramadevi ascended the throne, her relatives on one side and Yadava kings on the other, who could not agree to the notion of a woman becoming the ruler, attacked Orugallu. Prasaditya nayaka defeated them and consolidated her rule.

1279 AD : Sources of inscriptions refer to Nayamkara or the office of Nayaka started as early as 1279 AD. So Prasaditya seems to be the first Recherla to have received the title as well as rights and duties of a Nayaka under the Nayamkara system, during the reign of Rudramadevi.

1289 AD - 1323 AD : Vennama Nayaka son of Prasaditya nayaka was famous as the chief of army of Prataparudra. Later, his son Eradacha nayaka and Naladacha nayaka, son of sabbinayaka (another son of Prasaditya nayaka) also had worked as chiefs of Prataparudra’s armies.

Vennama Nayaka fought against the Delhi Sultanate. The incident happened during the first invasion by the Delhi Sultanate to Telangana in 1303 AD, when Allauddin Khalji sent an army under Malik Fakruddin Ulugh and Malik Jajju of Karra, in this battle kakatiyas lost a large army in this battle.

Vennam Nayaka son Erra Dacha and Sabbi Nayaka son Nalla Dacha both were also loyal to the Kakatiyas.

1289 AD - 1323 AD : Era Dacha or Dachanya Nayaka

Vennamanayakas son is Dachanayaka or Eradachanayaka with whom the Rachakonda kingdom begins.

Dachanayaka had three sons Singama, Vennama and Yechama Nayakas. 

During the Kakatiyas battles with Pandya and Hoyasala dynasties, Eradacha nayaka played a key role. Prataparudra, who was impressed by his valor, gave him two titles of ‘Pancha Pandyadala Vibhala’ and ‘Pandya Gajakesari’, Eradacha nayaka had’three sons- namely Singama nayaka-I, Vennama nayaka and Echama nayaka. (Naladacha nayaka had 2 sons- named- Madhava nayaka and Damaneedu. Of them, Singama nayaka had became famous.

Dachanayaka and his son Singamanayaka were senanis of Prataparudra. When Prataparudra attacked the Pandyas at Kanchi in 1316 AD, Dachanayaka and Singamanayaka have shown great valor and helped the king in winning the battle. Prataparudra gave the title of “Panchpandyadala Vibhala” to Dachanayaka. He probably died in the battle of Orugallu with the Muslims in 1323 AD. 

The Recharla chiefs came to political prominence only in the reign of the Kakatiyas, and they ruled an independent kingdom only after the fall of the Kakatiyas. They ruled from Rachakonda in Nalgonda district. It is one of the historically famous forts from Telengana.

As a mark of appreciation, Prataparudra conferred on Erra Dacha the title “Pandyadalavibhala” and “Pandyaraya Gajakesari”.

Declared independence after the fall of kakatiya kingdom

1323 AD / 1325 AD - 1361 AD : Singama Nayaka I

Capital : Anumagallu

Son of Dachanayaka

1325 AD : After Warangal was captured by Muslim rulers, Musunuri Nayakas revolted against them at around 1325 A.D. During that time, Kapaya nayaka Musunuri dynasty was helped by Singama nayaka. Later Singama nayaka had became independent and extended his kingdom towards the south upto the coast of river Krishna.

He also wanted to extend his kingdom in the North and hence attacked Kapayanaka. As per the Vamsavali he defeated Kapayanaka. This, however did not appear to have yielded him much benefit because as per the Pillalamarri sasanam of Kapayanaka in 1357 AD, Kapayas kingdom stretched right upto Pillalmarri. 

During the battle of Musunuri Nayakas and Chalukya princes, Chalukyas imprisoned Singama Nayaka’s brother in law Chintapalli Singama Nayaka.

Singam Nayaka I carried out a vigorous attack on the fort of Jallipalli to free Chintapalli Singama Nayaka. Chalukyas were unable to hold the fort from attacks, they betrayed Singama Nayaka I and assassinated by by the ruling Somavamsa kshatriyas (Tambalajiyya) by treachery.

Singamanayaka had two sons Anapotanayaka and Madanayaka. When they heard about the death of their father, Anavotha nayaka along with Madana nayaka attacked the Jallipalli fort in 1361 AD, killed Soma dynasty rulers and took the title of ‘Somakula parasurama’. 

At that time their capital appears to have been Anumagallu. Anapotanayaka shifted the capital from Anumagallu to Rachakonda and built a strong fort there.

Descendants of Anavotha nayaka ruled from Rachakonda and descendants of Mada nayaka ruled from Devarakonda.

Rachakonda Kingdom
1361 AD - 1383 AD : Anavotha nayaka

Capital : Rachakonda

While occupying the Srisailam area they had a conflict with the Kondaveeti Reddy chiefs. At that time Srisailam was under the Reddimannis. As per the Vamsavali Madanayaka and his uncles son Naganayaka defeated Anapota Reddy near Dharanikota. Although victorious Dharanikota did not fall into Anapotanayakas hands. This is the first conflict between the Velama chiefs and the Reddy chiefs. From this time onwards uptill the end of the Kondaveedu Reddy kingdom, this rivalry did not abate. 

After avenging their father, Anapota I and Mada I attacked Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka for the control of Warangal fort, they defeated and killed him at Bhimavaram battle in 1368 AD.

Ainavolu sasanam of Anapotanayaka describes him in possession of Tribhuvanagiri(Bhongir), Orugallu and Singavaram forts and took the title of “Tribhuvana Rayarao’. With this victory his kingdom stretched upto Godavari in the North, Srisailam in the South, Bahamani kingdom in the West, and Kondaveedu in the East. 

Looking to the excellent relations these kings had with the Bahamani Empire, it is possible that the Bahamanis have helped them in their war against Kapayanayaka. 

Anupota Nayak-I and Madanayak ruling from Rachakonda and Devarakonda had become tributaries to Bahmanis.

He divided his kingdom into Northern and Southern regions for ease of administration; made Rachakonda the capital of North and ruled it himself; made Devarakonda as the capital of South and appointed his younger brother Mada nayaka as its ruler.

Anapotanayaka attacked the Kalinga kingdom in 1380 AD. This is known by his Simhachalam sasanam. 

The Ainavolu inscriptions refers to the donation of a village by Anavotha I to God Milara Deva.

1383 AD - 1399 AD : Singama nayaka-II / Singabhupala-II
After Anapotanayaka his son Singamanedu II ascended the throne of Rachakonda.  Singam Nayaka II was also known as “Sarvajna Singa Bhupala” and he was a great writer and poet.

Before coming to the throne he captured the fort of Kalyani in Gulbarga district. It appears that he went to Karnataka to help the Bahamani kings and took this fort during the campaign.

1384 AD : In the early days of Sighabhupala’s reign, the Vijayanagara kings took Srisailam and marched against Kothakonda in Rachakonda. The Vijayanagara sasanam in Tumkur district dated 1384 AD states that the king of Vijayanagara Harihara Devaraya II, sent his son Vira Bukkaraya against Orugallu. The Bahamani sultan then laid siege to Kottakonda in Mahabubnagar district (possibly taken earlier by the Vijayanagara forces) and one of the Vijayanagara commanders Saluva Ramadevaraya died in the battle. As per the sasana the sultan has done this to protect his samantas who owed allegiance to him. It appears from the sasana that the Vijayanagara forces were defeated. 

The defeat at Kotta Konda appears to have been decisive, for, Harihara II did not renew for several years subsequently to the failure of the expedition.

The reason for this aggression by Vijayanagara is unknown but Ziauddin Barani mentions that Kapayanaka and Harihararaya (the founder of the Vijayanagara kingdom) are related. Although this may not be certain they may have been closely associated with each other and Kapayanayakas defeat, coupled with the leanings the Rachakonda kings had shown towards the Bahamani kings precipitated the attack.

In 1387 AD, Kumara Singha Bhupala has attacked the Gowtami banks area via Southern Kalinga which was in his possession. As per his Simhachala sasanam he scored a number of victories in the area which was lying in the Kondaveedu kingdom at that time. With this campaign the authority of the Reddys was extinguished in the southern Kalinga.

1397 AD : The Vijayanagara king Hariharadevaraya did not forget his defeat at the hands of the Rachakonda kingdom and the Bahamanis. In 1397 he declared a war against the Bahamani kingdom and as per his Vijayanagara sasana, one of the Vijayanagara senanis, Gunda Dandadhinadha inflicted a defeat on Siaf Khan and Fateh Khan.

To reduce the pressure on the Bahamani forces Singhabhupala sent Ramachandranayaka, the son of Vedagirinayaka to attack the area of the Vijayanagara kingdom on the banks of river Krishna. Ramachandranayaka crossed the Krishna river, entered Kurnool and started plundering it whereupon he was attacked by the Vijayanagara armies near Bandikanuma. Ramachndranayaka emerged victorious in this battle.

Now Harihara II sent his son Bukkaraya to attack Ramachndranayaka. Bukka then defeated Ramachandranayaka and drove him out of the Vijayanagara kingdom. He then entered the Rachakonda kingdom and plundered it. It appears that the victories enumerated in the Vamsavali attributed to Anapotanayaka son of Singhabhupala and Ramachandranayaka and Madanayaka the sons of Pedavedagirinayaka seem to have taken place during this campaign. Although both sides claimed victory in this campaign, it appears that Vijayanagara kingdom had been victorious in this battle.

Bukkaraya took his armies crossed the Krishna and attacked the Panugallu fort in Devarakonda kingdom. The Bahamani armies immediately came to the rescue of Panugallu. In this campaign, Pedavadagirinayaka’s son Kumaramadanayaka has defeated Era Krishnaraya and Pandadadhisa as per the Vamsavali. In this Era Krishnaraya besieged Devarakonda. Although he was defeated, Bukkaraya scored a victory and secured the Panugallu fort in 1397 AD. In this campaign the son of Bukkaraya Anantabhupala had shown great valor. A few days after the Panuganti war Kumara Singhabhupala died. 

1399 AD -1421 AD : Anavotha nayaka-II 

After Singhabhupala II his son Immadi Anapotanayaka came to the throne in 1399 AD. He is also known as Kumara Anapotanayaka and Pinnamanayaka. He is a contemporary of the Bahamani sultan Firoz Shah. The burden of saving his kingdom from Bukkaraya fell on him. As per Velugotivari Vamsavali he saved 10,000 people from Metuku (Medak) Fort. It is possible that Bukkaraya went up to Medak fort victorious and laid seize to it and Anapotanayaka relieved and saved the garrison during this campaign.

It appears that on the side of Bahamani sultan Anapotanayaka scored a number of victories against the Kondaveedu and Rajahmundry reddy kings and also Vijayanagara kings. It is probable that the Raya supposed to have been stopped by him is Devaraya I.

Contemporary to Anapotanayaka Devarakonda was ruled by Kumara Madanayaka and Ramachandranayaka, the sons of Pedavedagirinayaka. Annadevachoda took refuge in Devarakonda during Pedavedagirinayaka’s reign. Kumara Madanayaka gave him an army and sent him via Kalinga to regain his kingdom. However, this army was defeated by Chalukya Vishveshwara Bhupati a tributory king of the Gangas in 1402 AD. After this Kumara Madanayaka proceeded with an army to help Annadevachoda. It is possible that the victory attributed to him over the Rajahmundry Reddy kings took place during this campaign.

Anapotanayaka mounted a successful campaign in 1417 AD against Panugallu. During the campaign the Bahamani sultan Tajuddin Ferozshah laid siege to Panugallu. At that time Panugallu was under the Vijayanagara kings. The Velamanayakas also went along with their armies to help Ferozshah, but during the campaign their relations soured. Seeing the opportunity Devaraya I negotiated with the Velamanayakas and turned them into his favor. During a fierce battle at Panagallu fort the Velamanayakas like Anapotanayaka came over to the side of Devaraya along with their armies. Due to this Ferozshah ‘s assumed victory turned into defeat and he could barely escape and reach his capital Gulbarga. Anapotanayaka died during this battle in 1421 AD.

1421 AD - 1425 AD : Madanayaka
After Anapotanayaka, his brother Madanayaka came to the throne in 1421 AD.,probably because Anapotanayaka’s eldest son Singamanayaka was too young to assume charge.
After the battle of Panagallu, the recherla's maintained enmity with the Bahmani Sultans and helped the Vijayanagara rulers in every way they could. During the battle between Ahmed Shah (Bahmani sultan) and Devaraya-II in 1424, Madanayaka helped the latter. 

1425 AD : Because of this, though Ahmed Shah made peace with Devaraya after the battle was over, he sent his deputy, Azam Khan to capture Warangal (kingdom of Mada nayaka). In this battle, Azam Khan captured not only Warangal, but also many forts in Rachakonda and Devarakonda kingdoms.

1425 AD - 1436 AD : Singama Nayaka III or Sarvaga Rao

After Madanayaka his brother Anapotanayaka’s son Mummadi Singamanayaka came to the throne. 

When Ahmad Shah was immersed in a war with the Sultan of Gujarat, the Rachakonda kings recovered all their lost forts.

Rachakonda and Devarakonda kingdoms fell into decline by 1455 AD.

1430 AD : The Bahmani ruler Ahmad Shah shifted the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar in 1430. They occupied the forts of Medak, Warangal and Bhuvangiri during 1433-1436 CE.

Ahmad Shah II or ALA-UD-DIN AHMAD II (Apr 17, 1436 - May 6, 1458)

1436 AD - 1460 AD : Prince Dawood son of Ahmad I

Prince Dawood son of Bahmani Sultan Ahmad - 1 was given charge of Rachakonda.

Only Devarakonda remained in the Recherla Nayaks hands.   

1460 AD - 1464 AD : Dharma Nayaka son of Singama Nayaka III
1462 A.D: Shayampet inscription - Dharmanayudu / Dharmanayaka, brother of Singama nayaka-III was appointed as the ruler of Warangal. However, now Recherla Nayaks became the tributaries of the Gajapatis of Orissa.

1461 A.D : The Bahamani Sultan then assigned the work to Mohammed Gawan, his minister. This was beyond Mohammed Gawan and the Muslim forces suffered one defeat after another in the hands of Hamviradeva son of Gajapathi Kapileswara and the Padmanayakas. One fort after another fell to them. They took Rachakonda, Bhuvanagiri and finally Orugallu around 1461 AD. 

1462 A.D: Shayampet inscription - Dharmanayudu / Dharmanayaka, brother of Singama nayaka-III was appointed as the ruler of Warangal. However, now Recherla Nayaks lost their independence and became the tributaries of the Gajapatis of Orissa.

Devarakonda Kingdom

1361 - 1384 AD : Mada Nayaka I 

The Kandikonda inscription reveals that Mada Naidu brother of Anavotha I had son named Venna. This prince ruled by his fathers orders at Skandadri (probably Khammam). This Venna is not mentioned in Veligotivari Vamsavali.

The Velugotivari Vamsavali mentions Madha Nayaka and Anapota Nayaka defeated Anavema Reddy of Kondavidu at Dharanikota.

The Rasarnava Sudhakaram mentioned, Mada I had constructed a flight of steps to the sacred mountain of Sriparvatam

According to the inscription of Mada I at Umamaheswaram, Mada I’s rule extended over the land lying between Srisailam and the Vindhya mountains.

1378 AD : Kandikonda, Mahabubabad Taluk, Warangal District.
This inscription is on the top of a hillrock. Records the construction of a temple to God Skandadrinatha (Siva) and his consort Uma on the top of the hill Skandadri by Veena, son of Mada (Madhava). The inscription gives a brief description of the donors. It is mentioned that in the Rechadiyanvaya, born from the river Ganga flowing from the feet of Vishnu, was born Erra, and after him, Singa. He had two sons-Ananta (Anapota) and Madhava. To king Madhava Nayadu was born a son, whom Tata the preceptor (Desika) named Venna in view of the fact that he was soft as butter to his followers.

When the Recherla Nayaks were engaged in coastal Andhra with the Reddy’s of Rajamahendravaram. Bukka II of Vijayanagara attacked the fort of Panugal in Mahbubnagar district and occupied Warangal fort, a strategic fort of the Recherla Nayaks, in 1397 AD

1384 AD - 1419 AD : Vedagiri I 

8th March, 1399 AD: Murupunuthula.
Language : Telugu.
This inscription is on a stone pillar lying near the Muthyalamma temple. The inscription is very damaged. After invoking the god Varaha, it introduces the chiefs of the Recherla family, Era Dacha, Singa and his son Madhava and the latter's son Vedagiri. This last named chief is said to be ruling the country lying between Srisaila and Vindhya mountains. He is stated to have made the grant of the agrahara named Morupnuntula to the god Mallari. Certain Manchena bhattu, otherwise known by his title [Nissamkula] Bharati son of Narayana Somayajulu of Brahmanapalli wrote this inscription. The chief Vedagiri is obviously Peda Vedagiri or Vidagiri I of the Devarakonda branch of the family.

Singama Nayaka II and his cousin Vedagiri I decided to conquer the northern districts of the Reddy kingdom by taking advantage of the disturbance for the throne between Peda Komativema Reddy and Kumaragiri Reddy.

Singama Nayaka II and Vedagiri I also came into conflict with the Gajapatis of Orissa, these details are mentioned in inscriptions at Srikurmam in Srikakulam district and at Simhachalam.

Vedagiri I , the ruler of Devarakonda gave asylum to the Eruva chief Annadeva Choda who arrived at his capital in search of help .

In the battle of 1419 AD, Macha Reddy, brother of Pedakomati Vema Reddy was killed. Immediately after this,  Pedakomati Vema Reddy attacked Devarakonda and killed Vedagiri.

1419 AD - 1425 AD : Rao Madanedu and Mada Nayaka II

In 1420 AD, the Recherla Nayaks killed Pedakomati Vema Reddy and hanged him at the entrance of the Devarakonda fort.

1425 AD - 1427 AD : Vedagiri II

1427 – 1475 AD : Lingama Nayaka

In Devarakonda, the contemporary of Mummadi Singhabhupala was the son of Kumara Madanayaka, known as Lingamanayaka. Lingamanedu was very valiant in battle and at the age of 12 years itself, he led the forces and fought a battle. The Vamsavali attributes a lot of victories to him, but many of them could not be confirmed. However, it is certain that Lingamanedu’s attack on the Rajamahendravaram Reddy kingdom weakened and destroyed it. The Padmanayakas of Rachakonda and Devarakonda supported the Bahamani Sultan’s for sometime, the Vijayanagara kings for sometime and the Gajapati’s of Orissa for sometime and fought with their respective enemies.

During the times of 1433 – 1438 AD, Bahamanis of Bidar occupied the forts of Medak, Warangal, and Bhuvanagiri

After 1433 AD., the Rachakonda and Devarakonda kingdoms disappeared and only some forts remained in the Padmanayaka’s control. They then sought the help of the Gajapati’s of Orissa for regaining their kingdom. Kapileswara Gajapati of Orissa attacked the Telengana areas of the Bahamani kingdom, but was defeated by the Bahamani Sultan, Allauddin. In 1435 AD, the Rachakonda area was given by the Sultan to his brother Mohammed Khan. The Padmanayakas then supported Sikander Khan in his rebellion against the Bahamani Sultan Humayun Shah.

Humayun Shah marched against Sikander Khan and killed him in battle. To punish the Padmanayakas who supported Sikander khan, he sent Kwaza Jahan and Nizam Ul Mulk. They raised an army of 20,000 cavalry, 40 elephants and innumerable foot soldiers and laid seize to Devarakonda fort, which was under the Padmanayakas.

The Padmanayakas then sent a message to Kapileswara Gajapati of Orissa appealing for his help and also promising him a large amount of money. The Gajapati then sent his son Hamviradeva (known to Muslims as Ambar Roy) along with a huge force to help the Padmanayakas and also to release Telengana from the control of the Bahamani Sultan. When Hamviradeva’s forces attacked the Bahamani forces from the rear, Singamanayaka and Lingamanayaka came out from the fort and attacked the Bahamani forces from the front. The Bahamani forces were caught in between and suffered a humiliating defeat. Kwaja Jahan and Nizam Ul Mulk somehow escaped from the battlefield. When Humayun Shah came to know of the defeat, he becme enraged and killed Nizam Ul Mulk and imprisoned Kwaja Jahan. 

After the death of the Bahamani Sultan Humayun Shah, Nizam Shah became the Bahamani Sultan. He again tried to recover the Telengana areas from the Padmanayakas, but again Kapileswara Gajapti sent his armies which inflicted a defeat on the Bahamani forces and came near the capital Bidar. Then one Amirzada Muhibullah scored a tactical victory over the Gajapati forces, as a result of which Bidar could be saved. This is however, not a complete victory and the Orugallu kingdom remained under the Padmanayakas.

As long as Kapileswara Gajapati was alive, the Bahamanis could not conquer the Orugallu kingdom and it remained with the Padmanayakas. He died around 1470 AD. 

Bahamani Sultan Muhammad Shah II defeated Lingama Nayaka and occupied Rachakonda and Devarakonda. The Bahamani Sultan, then sent Malik Nizam Ul Mulk Bahri to conquer Telengana. This man not only took the forts in Telengana, but also Kondaveedu and Rajamahendravaram forts and occupied all of Telengana. The Orugallu kingdom was given by the Sultan to Azim Khan. This happened around 1475 AD. The Recherla kingdom is thus over and the Padmanayakas joined the court of Hampi Viajayanagar. 

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