Gajapati Empire

1458 AD - 1504 AD : Gajapati Empire (1435 AD - 1541 AD)

Founder : Kapilendra Deva. He ascended to the throne after staging a military coup against the preceding and the last ruler from the Eastern Ganga dynasty, Bhanu Deva IV. 

Coronation : 29 June 1435 AD

Capital :  Bhubaneswar

Religion : Hinduism

1423 AD : Ahmad I appointed Abdul Latif Khan as governor of Telangana

1425 AD : Abdul Latif Khan raided Recherla Nayaks for siding with Vijayanagara Empire.

1435 AD, the Rachakonda area was given by the Sultan to his brother Mohammed Khan

During the times of 1433 – 1438 AD, Bahamanis of Bidar occupied the forts of Medak, Warangal, and Bhuvanagiri

1458 AD -  1467 AD : Kapilendra Gajapati (1434 CE – 1467 CE)

1458 AD : Conquest of Telangana

Sanjar Khan General of Humayaun Shah confered Bhongir as Jagir on him

Humayun Shah ascended the throne of the Bahmani sultanate in  1458 AD. Upon his enthronement, Humayun appointed Mahmud Gawan lieutenant of the kingdom and governor of Bijapur, with the title of Malik-ut-Tujjar. Sikandar Khan, a cousin of Humayun, was given charge of Telangana. But, Still dissatisfied by the appointment, he began a rebellion, supported by his father Jalal Khan and Recherla Nayaks of Devarakonda. Sikandar was killed in the ensuing battle, and his army defeated, In an act of revenge the Bahmani sultan invaded the Telegana region and the Bahmani commander Sanjar Khan extracted vengeance on the common people. Native Hindus were sold as slaves Recherla Lingama Nayaka sought help from Orissa Gajapathis.The political situation in Telangana provided an opportunity for the Gajapati army to intervene and conquer the territory.  The victory over the Bahmani Sultanate forces at Devarakonda in 1458 CE enabled Kapilendra Deva to assume the title of Kalavargeśvara which meant the Lord of Kalaburagi or Gulbarga.

1460 AD : Warangal
The two epigraphs are engraved on the eastern and western gates of the fort at Warangal and refer to the capture of the fort by the Gajapati army. The one on the western gate belongs to Virabhadra Raghudeva, son of Parasurama, who was the younger brother of the Gajapati Kapileswara and the son of Jagesvara. The record is dated in the Kali year 4561, Pramathin (A.D. 1460) and states that Warangal lay within the dominions of Humayun Shah. Sultan of Kalubarega (Gulbarga). The other inscription, set up about the same time, on the eastern gate mentions prince Hamvira-mahapatra, son of Kapilesa Gajapati, and states that he captured the fort.

1460 AD - 1464 AD : Dharma Nayaka son of Singama Nayaka III
1462 A.D: Shayampet inscription - Dharmanayudu / Dharmanayaka, brother of Singama nayaka-III was appointed as the ruler of Warangal. However, now Recherla Nayaks became the tributaries of the Gajapatis of Orissa.

1467 AD - 1497 AD : Purushottama Gajapati

His father Gajapati Kapilendra Deva chose him as his heir to rule the Gajapati Empire at the banks of river Krishna where he breathed his last. This decision infuriated his elder brother Hamvira Deva who was a battle hardened and successful warrior fulfilling the task of conquering the southern territories and expeditions against the Vijayanagara Empire as wished by his father.

October 1472 AD - 1476 AD : Hamvira Deva 

A disgruntled Hamvira solicited a treaty with the Turko-Persian Bahmani Sultan Muhammad Shah III. Willing to capture Rajamahendravaram and Kondapalli, Muhammad Shah III placed conditions on Hamvira to accept his suzerainty when he becomes the ruler of the Gajapati realm and cede the desired territories from his father's empire. This deal between Hamvira and Muhammad Shah III has been mentioned in the works of Ferishta and Sayid AliTaba Taba. The Bahmani Sultan sent his commander Hussain Bheiry with troops to support Hamvira in overthrowing Purushottama. Gaining the support of the Bahmani forces, Hamvira Deva declared himself Gajapati in the year 1472. Purushottama lost more than half of his father's empire in the initial years to Hamvira and the Bahmani forces. Hamvira became a doppleganger Gajapati in the southern portions of Odisha and tried to invade the Gajapati capital ruled by his younger brother but was defeated.

1475 AD : Azim Khan

Bahamani Sultan Muhammad Shah II defeated Lingama Nayaka and occupied Rachakonda and Devarakonda. The Bahamani Sultan, then sent Malik Nizam Ul Mulk Bahri to conquer Telengana. This man not only took the forts in Telengana, but also Kondaveedu and Rajamahendravaram forts and occupied all of Telengana. The Orugallu kingdom was given by the Sultan to Azim Khan. This happened around 1475 AD.

1493 AD : Qutb-ul-Mulk

1496 AD - 1518 AD : Sultan Quli Khawas Khan Hamdani or Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk was awarded the title Qutb-ul-Mulk (Pillar of the Realm) as military chief and was made the tarafdar of Golconda in 1496.
 

c. 1497 - c. 1540 AD : Prataparudra Gajapati
1503 AD - 1515 AD : Chittapa Khana or Shitap Khan. 

Inscription date : 21st January, A.D. 1504.
Language : Sanskrit.
This inscription is on a pillar in the fort near the temple, dated S. 1425, Magha su. 5, Sunday, (A.D. 1504, Jan. 21). The famous Shitap Khan inscription (Hyderabad Archaeological Series No. 9) records the capture of Warangal called Ekopala and restoration of the temples of the god Panchala Raya and the goddess Kakati by Chittapa Khana. The genealogy and greatness of Chittapa Khan are given in detail. Chittap Khan was a subordinate of Prataparudra Gajapati and he figures in the Rayavachakamu as an opponent of Krishnadevaraya during his Telangana campaign Chittapa Khana was not a Mahammadan chief as his name indicates, but a Hindu ruler of Bhogi kula called Sitapati who was ruling over a certain part of Telangana from his capital at Rachakonda.

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Vijayanagara Empire

Vijayanagara Empire (1336 - 1646)
Founders : Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty
Capital : Vijayanagar

Languages : Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu

Religion : Hinduism

The kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded by Harihara and Bukka, two of five brothers (surnamed Sangama) who had served in the administrations of both Kakatiya and Kampili before those kingdoms were conquered by the armies of the Delhi sultanate in the 1320s. When Kampili fell in 1327, the two brothers are believed to have been captured and taken to Delhi, where they converted to Islam. They were returned to the Deccan as governors of Kampili for the sultanate with the hope that they would be able to deal with the many local revolts and invasions by neighbouring Hindu kings. They followed a conciliatory policy toward the landholders of the area, many of whom had not accepted Muslim rule, and began a process of consolidation and expansion. Their first campaign was against the neighbouring Hoysala king, Ballala III of Dorasamudra, but it stagnated; after the brothers reconverted to Hinduism under the influence of the sage Madhavacarya(Vidyaranya) and proclaimed their independence from the Delhi sultanate, however, they were able to defeat Ballala and thereby secure their home base. Harihara I (reigned 1336–56) then established his new capital, Vijayanagar, in an easily defensible position south of the Tungabhadra River.

In 1336 Harihara, with the help of his brothers, held uneasy suzerainty over lands extending from Nellore, on the southeast coast, to Badami, south of Bijapur on the western side of the Deccan. All around him new Hindu kingdoms were rising, the most important of which were the Hoysala kingdom of Ballala and the confederacy, led by Kapaya Nayaka in Telangana.

The Vijayanagara Empire saw the rise and fall of 4 dynasties.

1. Sangama Dynasty
2. Saluva Dynasty
3. Tuluva Dynasty
4. Aravidu Dynasty

Sangama Dynasty

21 June 1377 AD – 1404 AD : Harihara Raya II
1386 AD : This copper plate is dated S. 1308, belonging to Vijayanagara king Harikara in Nagari script and Sanskrit and Kannada languages, records the gift of some vrittis of land to Brahmanas of the Pampakshetra. The king Harihara is praised for his proficiency in the Shastras taught by his Vidyaranya Swami.

28th February 1397 A.D : Kaleshwaram
This inscription is on one pillar of 16-Pillared mandapa of Muktesvara temple from Kaleshwaram, dated Saka 1319, Isvara, 1st day of the year, Wednesday, corresponding to the 28th February 1397 A.D., states in a verse in Sardulavikridita that Devaraya, the son of Harihara, performed the tulapurusha on the occasion of his digvijaya. It was obviously under orders of his father Harihara that Prince Devaraya undertook this campaign of Conquest. The Velugoyivarivamsavali alludes to a number of clashes of the Velamas, who sided with the Bahmani Sultans, with the Vijayanagara kings (Further Sources of Vijayanagara History, Vol. I, pp. 82-83). The Panugallu inscription (cf. op.cit., Vol. II, pp. 38-39), dated 6 months later than this record, refers to the capture of the fort of Panungal by Immadi Bukka, assisted by his son Ananta.

30th December, A.D. 1397 : Pangal, Kollapur, Nagarkurnool District
The record refers to the reign of Harihara II, son of Bukka of the Sangama dynasty of Vijayanagara. The object of the inscription is to record the conquest of Panugallu by the Dviguna-Bukka. The details of the date of the conquest are given as Saka 1319 (expressed by chronogram), Isvara, Pausha (Sahasya), su. 11(Sambhor=dina), Sunday, corresponding to the 30th December 1397 A.D.

1406 AD - 1422 AD : Deva Raya I

1424AD - 1446 AD : Deva Raya II

1424 AD: Pangal - Dated in Saka 1346 during the rule of Devaraya, another epigraph records the construction of the temple of Mukti-Ramesvara by Devanarayana, belonging to a Brahmana family from Kasmira, who was the governor of the fort and who claims to have destroyed the army of Firuz Shah.

Two of Deva Raya's sons, named Mallikarjuna and Virupaksha I, are mentioned in various inscriptions.

1446 AD - 1468 AD : Mallikarjuna Raya 

Mallikarjuna was the son of Deva Raya II by the Queen Ponnala Devi.

The Bahmani Sultanate took over much of the Vijayanagara Empire by 1450 and grew closer to the capital of Vijayanagara. 

Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District.
1464 AD : Language : Telugu and Sanskrit
This inscription is dated S. 1386 (9), Sarvajit, Magha, ba. 14, Monday, Sivaratri.Records the gift of the village Sarangapura to the head of the religious establishment ofSarangesvara Matha viz, Peddakuppasakanthadeva by Pedakachappodaya at the command ofthe king. The gift estate was approved by Kadali Bhikshavrtti Ayyangaru, the pontiff of Srisaila throne, by crediting 500 varahas into the treasury of Mallikarjuna.

27th February A.D. 1468 AD : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwal District.
Language : Sanskrit and Telugu. Script : Telugu.
On the command of Mallikarjuna Raya and with the permission of Kadali biksha vritti lyyengar seated on Srisaila simhasana Peda Kachappodayalu garu, constructed a village called Sarangapura in the fields of Naramarilla and made it over to Kemidevuni veerayya, the Saranga matadhipati for the merit of his guru and parents.

1468 AD - 1485 AD : Virupaksha Raya II lost the Konkan coast (including Goa, Chaul, and Dabul) by 1470 to Prime Minister Mahamud Gawan of Turko-Persian Bahmani Sultanate, who was sent to conquer the area by the Sultan Muhammad Shah III. The Bahmani Sultan would also invade the Doab of Krishna and Tungabhadra, and the Raja Purushottama Gajapati of Odisha invaded Tiruvannamalai. Because of these losses, Virupaksha became increasingly unpopular and ignited many of the empire's provinces to rebel, eventually leading up to Virupaksha's death at the hands of his own son, Praudha Raya in 1485. Praudha Raya himself was not able to salvage the empire but an able general Saluva Narasimha I took control of the empire in 1485 and helped prevent its demise, though this change of power marked the end of the Sangama Dynasty and the beginning of the Saluva Dynasty.

The End of the Sangama Dynasty
Saluva Narasimha was single-handedly holding the great empire together without formally taking over the throne. In the meantime, after the debacle of the attempt to recover Goa on his own, Virupaksha II’s behaviour became even more erratic than before. He ordered random killings of his commanders for trivial charges and started to unleash a reign of terror amongst the nobles. Sick of this behaviour of his father, Virupaksha’s eldest son murdered him. However, he refused to assume the throne since he had committed patricide, a heinous crime according to Hindu scriptures. Therefore, he considered himself ‘unfit’ to be king.

1485 AD - 1486 AD : Praudha Raya
This prince therefore raised his brother, Praudha Deva Raya, to the throne. However, this Deva Raya turned out to be even more wicked and debauched than his father. Very soon after coming to the throne, he became suspicious of his elder brother who had gifted him the throne and personally killed him. It was obvious to all that Sangama power had run its course and that the Sangama scion had lost the moral authority to rule. The time was ripe to supplant this dynasty, whose fundamental roots itself had become rotten to the core.

Saluva Dynasty

1486 AD - 1491 AD : Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya

Saluva Narasimha realised that the time had come to assume the mantle of king. He wrote to all the chiefs, commanders and important nobles and secured their goodwill and then send his trusted general Narasa Nayaka to march on Vijayanagara, the capital. The dates of this take over vary in different accounts, but it can be placed as being within the span of 1486-90. Deva Raya, who had reinstated himself in Vijayanagara fled at the approach of the Saluva army—the Sangamas disappeared from the firmament of Vijayanagara, without even an audible whimper or creating any ripples.

1491 AD : Thimma Bhupala (died 1491 CE)

Elder son and heir-apparent of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, the Sovereign of the Vijayanagara Empire. During the reign of his father, he held the office of the Yuvaraja.Prince Thimma succeeded his father in 1491 but was soon assassinated by an army commander loyal to the Sangamas during a period of political unrest in Vijayanagara. He was succeeded by his younger brother Narasimha Raya II.
 

1491 AD - 1505 AD : Narasimha Raya II / Immadi Narasimha
29th February A.D. 1504 : Wanaparthy, Wanaparthy District.
The eldest son of his Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya's prime minister, Narasa Nayaka, had Narasimha Raya II assassinated and ascended to the throne himself in 1505, beginning the Tuluva dynasty, the third dynasty of the Vijayanagara empire.

Tuluva Dynasty

1505 AD - 1509 AD : Tuluva Narasa Nayaka  / Vira Narasimha Raya

1509 AD -1529 AD : Krishna Deva Raya Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 - 17 October 1529) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire reigning from 1509 to 1529. He was the third monarch of the Tuluva dynasty, and is considered to be one of the greatest rulers in Indian history.

Krishnadevaraya's rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation. This was the time when the land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna river (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), ruler of Odisha were subdued (1514) and severe defeats were inflicted on the Sultan of Bijapur (1520).

4th May, A.D. 1516  : Nelakondapalli, Khammamet, Khammam District.
Language : Telugu.
The following inscription is on three sides of a pillar now planted in the compound of the local library at Nelakondapalli. It is in Telugu prose and records the grant of land to some shrines in Kondapalli, on the orders of Kondamarusayya, who ruled in this region as governor in the reign of Krsna-deva-raya of Vijayanagara.

The inscription is dated in Saka 1438, Dhatr, Jyeṣṭha, suddha, tritiya, Sunday. The date is a sound one and corresponds to Sunday the 4th of May A.D. 1516. The tithi on the previous day (that is, Saturday) was dvitiya, and trtiya did not commence till 98 of that day. The same tithi continued the whole of Sunday and lasted for I ghatika for 30 minutes after sunrise on Monday. The inscription is important as evidence of Krsna-deva-raya's conquest of this region.The Pillar containing this inscription was actually set up by Parvat-ayyamgaru.

1516 AD : Nalagonda (modern Nalgonda),Khammamet and Khandikonda (an Mabbababad taluk of the Warangal district), are referred to among others, important places in the Gajapati kingdom which Krsna-deva-raya captured.

Krishnadevaraya was preparing for an attack on Belgaum, which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, Krishnadevaraya fell ill and eventually died in 1529, succeeded by his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya.

16th January, A.D. 1521 : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwall District
Language : Kannada.
This inscription is dated S. 1443, Vrsha, Asadha Su. 12, (A.D. 1521, Jan 16 Sunday). Records the grant of two villages Chennunipadu and Velambodu by Gauradanayankara Basavapayya who was Amara dandanayaka over Alampurusima. He was so appointed by Krishnaraya after his subjugation of Rachuru.

3rd March A.D. 1527. : Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwall District 
Language : Telugu. Script : Telugu.
It is a copper plate at Brahmesvara temple. Registers the gift of a village Chennupalli of Alampura sima, for anga ranga vaibhava of Navabrahmesvara by Chinnapeddinayudu, son of Bhudaram Peddinayudu,. Śrī krishnadevaraya Chinnapeddinayudu a palegar of Alampur sima.

23rd April A.D. 1529. : Chennipadu, Alampur, Jogulamba Gadwall District
Language : Kannada. Script : Telugu.
This inscription is on the slab in the compound of Chennakesava temple. Records thegift of village Pusalapadu also known as Krishnapuram in Alampuri sima, for the Amurutapadi of Chennakesavadeva of Chennipadu on lunar eclipse by Chandrasekharayya son ofAnnaji Ayya, for the merit of his over lord Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara and his minister Timmarasayya. The record ends with lengthy imprecatory verses.

1529 AD - 1542 AD : Achuyta Deva Raya
2nd November A.D. 1538  : Kosangi.
Language : Kannada.  Script : Telugu.
This inscription states that while Achyutaraya was ruling his amara nayaka (name lost) Immadi Medi Naraya made a gift of a well and garden to the God Somesvara of Kosagi.

1542 AD  - 1570 AD : Sadasiva Raya

1552 AD - 1554 AD : This is a copper plate with two charters, dated Saka 1474 and 1476, registered grant of villages Jaduvalli and Rellundi respectively to Somanatha Bhatta and Venkatadri by king Sadasiva Raya.

1586 AD -1614 AD : Venkatapati Raya   

Polepally, Jadcherla, Mahbubnagar district.
This inscription is on a pedestal in the Chennakesava Temple. This inscription mentions that a pillar which was broken for a long time was replaced in the temple of Ahobala Narasimhasvami of Polepalli by Mudugallu Nurussa Chintamani.

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Chennur Silk Sarees

Chennur silk sarees shine brightly with their elegance and rich history. Hailing from Chennur, a small village in Nirmal District, Telangana State, India. These sarees are a representation of a beautiful and ancient craft. Let’s explore the story of Chennur silk sarees, their unique features, and why they continue to attract fashion lovers, especially the younger generation.

The Kalamkari Hand Painted Chennur Silk Saree is a masterpiece of Indian textile artistry. Crafted from exquisite Chennur silk, this saree features intricate hand-painted Kalamkari motifs that tell captivating stories of tradition and culture. The vibrant colors and detailed designs make it a visual delight, showcasing the skill of skilled artisans.

Chennur is famous for its silk weaving tradition. This craft has been passed down through generations, with families perfecting the art of making stunning silk sarees. The village is close to Tussar and Mulberry silk fields, which provide the high-quality silk threads used in these sarees. This connection to nature and tradition is a key part of Chennur silk’s story.

The tradition of Chennur silk has roots that go back to the prosperous Golconda Sultanate in Hyderabad during the Middle Ages. The Mughals, who supported this craft, referred to the artisans as "qualamkars," a term that eventually evolved into "kalamkari." This historical connection highlights the rich heritage behind Chennur silk.

These sarees are known for their intricate designs. Skilled weavers use traditional techniques to create beautiful patterns. Both handlooms and modern tools are used to achieve these designs.

Chennur silk sarees are versatile and elegant. They can be worn with elaborate gold designs or kept simple, depending on the occasion. Their graceful drape makes them suitable for weddings, festivals, and other special events.

Recently, younger generations have rediscovered Chennur silk sarees. 

1. Cultural Pride: Young people appreciate the cultural connection that Chennur silk sarees provide. They are more than just fashion; they are a link to heritage and tradition.

2. Sustainable Choice: Chennur silk sarees are made using eco-friendly methods, making them a great option for those interested in sustainable fashion.

3. Unique Style: The exclusive designs and luxurious fabric make Chennur silk sarees stand out from mass-produced clothes. They offer a unique and timeless style.

4. Flexibility: These sarees can be styled in many ways, allowing young people to mix traditional and modern looks for different events.

A basic seed multiplication and training centre belonging to Central Silk Board (CSB), in Chennur stood in the top in the country by registering production of 3.20 lakh tasar silkworm eggs in the last five years, bringing recognition to Telangana.

Tussar silk is one of the most sought-after fibres in the world owing to its rich texture and natural colour, it is also one of the rarest forms of natural fibre.

Cocoons of Tasar, a variety of silk, contain many insects that are processed to produce exquisite silk thread used in manufacturing saris and other clothing. The cocoons are traditionally grown by the tribals by camping in the forests as means of livelihood for many decades. They are cultivated on leaves of Terminalia Arjuna (Tellla Maddi) and Yeru Maddi trees spread in 2,100 hectares in Chennur area of Mancherial and 1,000 hectares of forests in Kumram Bheem Asifabad district.

More than 800 farmers in Vemanpelli, Kotapalli, Kannepalli and Nennal mandals of Mancherial district and Bejjur and Koutala mandals in Kumurambheem Asifabad district are cultivating cocoons in 3,100 hectares of land. Traders from Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha come to buy the cocoons sold in an open auction in Chennur every year.

https://telanganatoday.com/silkworm-egg-production-csbs-bsm-pc-chennur-bags-award

https://thriyasilks.com/blogs/the-saree-journal/discovering-the-charm-of-chennur-silk-sarees

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Shankaramma Fort

Shankaramma Fort is located in Shankarampet village and Mandal, Medak District, Telangana State, India.

The fort, which was under Papannapet Samsthanam (kingdom), about 70 kilometres from the district headquarters, has been located in a hilly area of this small village. The locals inform that Rani Shankaramma constructed the fort in 1760 which consists of Devidi (residential place for the inmates of the fort) and Chavidi (meeting place).

Due to negligence, the fort has been covered with overgrown bushes and most of its structure has been ruined. One cooking room collapsed about six years ago and a small room, expectedly a pooja room, exists without roof. Some of the boulders, used for the construction of the fort, have been taken away for use by the locals.

http://avadhanir.blogspot.com/2012/12/shankaramma-fort-shrouded-in-negligence.html

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Sadashivpet - Sarvatobhadra town design

Sadashivpet  or Sadasivapet is a town in Sangareddy district of Telangana, was planned on the basis of ‘Sarvatobhadra’ town design. 

Sarvatobhadra is typically suited for big towns and villages, where the site selected for planning a town/village is a square If you log on to Google Earth to search Sadasivapet, a town in Sangareddy district of Telangana, you will be surprised to find an exhilarating chequered square locket studded with diamonds tagged to a black cord that is national Highway No.9 connecting Hyderabad and Mumbai, surrounded by natural landscape.

This town conceived and founded by Rani Lingayamma daughter of Sadashiva Reddy (1632-1650) during her regime between 1680-1692. Raminedu, one of the ancestors of Sadashiva Reddy was gifted Kalpagooru Pargana by Sultan Ferosah of Bahmani Sultanate during 1400 – 1450 AD after the downfall of Recherla Padmanayaka Kings, who ruled the present Medak area.

Kakatiya kings reigned this area prior to the conquer by the Sultans - Andole was the capital and Sadashiva Reddy was the 5th ruler in the hierarchy of Raminedu. The present population is 45,500 as per 2011 census. The town is located at 1755 ft from sea level and its latitude and longitude are 17.400N and 77.580E respectively. In the ancient Vaastu texts like Manasara, Silparatna, Mayamata and Viswakarma Vaastu Shastra, different types of plans for Pattana, Nagaraa and Grama were described.

According to Manasara there are eight types of plans for designing towns 

1. Dandaka
2. Sarvatobhadra, 
3. Nandyavartha, 
4. Padmaka, 
5. Swastika, 
6. Prastara, 
7. Karmuka, 
8. Chaturmukha. 

Sadasivapet is planned as Sarvatobhadra type. This type of plan is adopted to design larger villages and also towns, where the selected site is a square. It is chessboard pattern town (grid-iron) with 10 divisions on each side making total 100 divisions facing to coordinal points.

In the ancient days if it is adopted by a town then a fort wall was constructed around it with ramparts and moat all around, but for villages, rampant and moat were not necessary. 

The central space called Brahmasthana should be occupied by a temple. 

Sadasivapet is divided into 10 divisions on each side. It is surrounded by a fort wall with four gates on four sides. The roads are laid exactly facing North – South and East-West direction. In central Space, which is called Brahmastana according to the Vaastu Shastras, a temple for Shiva was constructed. 

The specialty of this town is, it is satisfying the requirements of Koorma Vrusta Vaastu. In this, the central place (Brahmastana) will be at a higher level and the four sides and four corner points will be at low level. 

The central point of Sadasivapet is 25 feet elevated from the periphery. This is an eye-opener to the present day Vaastu Pandits who preach day and night that south-west (Niruthi) of the site must be higher and Northeast (Eeshanya) should be at lower level. 

This town is occupied by houses of various descriptions and inhabited by all classes of people as prescribed by Manasara. 

Jaipur Four to five decades after the founding of Sadasivapet, the old Jaipur in Rajasthan, was founded on November 17, 1727 by King Sawai Jai Singh (1700-1743). The architect for conceiving the plan of that town was Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. Many scholars have attributed the basic concept plan of Old Jaipur as being a Prastara type of mandala mentioned in Manasara, one of the ancient treatises on Hindu town planning. The scholars say that Prastara plan is both square or oblong in form and divided into four, nine or 16 major wards by an appropriate number of roads, which run East-West and North-South and the wards in turn planned as a chessboard pattern. Wards with the larger size plots are for people of higher ranks while the smaller plots are inhabited by people of lower ranks. 

In 1946, M Fayazuddin, the then town planner to the Nizam’s local government published a surveyed map of Sadasivapet showing the road pattern and physical development. This plan shows vacant areas in South-East and North-East corners utilised for cultivation. A temple is shown in the centre of the city which is called Brahmastana(at present there is no such temple) and to the south East corner of Brahmastana ward is shown occupied by Gadi, which is supposed to be occupied by the ruler of the town. And different wards were shown as occupied by Vyshyas, Gold Smiths, Black Smiths, Stone Cutters, Kassabins (Katika), Hunters, Weekly Market, etc. 

The highest contour level is 1785 at the centre of the town, 1760 near the periphery of the town. The town was encircled with a fort wall comprising four gates on four sides leading to Nandi Kandi on East, Siddapuram on South, Kohir on West, Atmakur on North. Presently, there are no such gateways. 

After scrutinising the town map in Google Earth and the map prepared by M Fayazuddin, it is found that during the last six decades buildings have come up in the cultivated lands and spread outside the fort walls in a haphazard manner due to the urbanisation. One more unique thing of Sadasivpet is the usage of ancient land measuring unit called Nivarthana for each ward. 

Nivarthana is an area measuring unit in the medieval period. One 40 yds x 40 yds. This was mentioned in Abhona plates inscription of the Kalachuri ruler Sankaragana of 597 AD. (Source 1) Most of the wards of this town confirm to the Nivarthana measurement served by roads of 5 dandas (30ft) of width. Two main roads passing through the center of the town are 6 dandas (36ft). Generally, in town planning, the method of using rectangular blocks is in vogue. For instance, the contemporary Indian city, Chandigarh is planned with rectangular blocks measuring half a mile by three-fourth mile. But using square blocks is a unique concept. Further study regarding the sub-division of these blocks may reveal some innovative concept of ancient day Indian Planning. 

In independent India, no other ancient city other than Jaipur invited so much attention from the scholars, architects and town planners for its unique town planning based on the tenets of Vaastu Shastras. But only a few know that there is also one ancient town called Sadasivapet in Telangana built as per the principles of ancient science called Vaastu Shastras based on ancient land measuring unit, Nivarthana. 

The Government should take appropriate action to conserve this town for its uniqueness in town planning for the posterity. 

By: Avala Buchi Reddy The writer is former chairman of Indian Institute of Architects A.P. Chapter (1992-94).

https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2017-03-18/Sadasivpet-A-unique-ancient-town/287741?infinitescroll=1

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Chakaligattu Island

Chakaligattu Island is located in the middle of River Krishna amidst the huge reservoir of Nagarjunasagar having maximum plain area near Rekulavalyam is a small Village/hamlet in Chandampet Mandal and Peddagummadam is a small Village/hamlet in Pedda Adiserla Pally Mandal in Nalgonda District of Telangana State, India.

Can reach through Vizagcolony a small Village/hamlet in Chandampet Mandal or in Nalgonda District of Telangana State.

To the list of tourist places, an eco-adventure tourism destination could soon be added, if the Telangana State Tourism Development Corporation is all prepared to expand Chakaligattu Island in the middle of River Krishna close to Nagarjunasagar in Nalgonda district.

The advantage for Chakaligattu Island is that it’s located amidst the huge reservoir of Nagarjunasagar having maximum plain area. The authorities feel that the island could be connected to both Nagarjuna Konda and the Buddhavanam Project.

Besides, world’s largest as well as famous masonary dam Nagarjunasagar across River Krishna, the TSTDC has set up an impressive Buddhist Tourist Destination – Buddhavanam, across 274 acres of land.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/the-ambitious-plan-to-develop-chakaligattu-island-as-tourist-destination/article66135486.ece

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Nadigudi Fort

Once a fort of Raja Nayani Venkata Ranga Rao of Munagala Paragana (province), located at Nadigudi in Suryapet district, is now a research centre of the Deccan Archaeological and Cultural Research Institute (DACRI).

The 150-year-old fort was renovated by the DACRI and was inaugurated on Saturday. It houses over 2.5 lakh rare books and over one lakh palm-leaf manuscripts.The fort, built in 1870, was handed over to the DACRI six months ago after its director, Kurra Jitendra Babu, requested Santosh Reddy, the grandson of Nayani Venkata Ranga Rao, to do so to develop it into a research centre.

On Saturday, the renovated fort was inaugurated by Hampi Sri Virupaksha Vidyaranya Mahasamsthanam pontiff Sri Vidyaranya Bharathi Swami. Among those who were present include Santosh Reddy, Veamana Peetham president Ch Anjaneya Reddy, Telangana History Congress president Vaikuntham, former MLC Mandali Buddha Prasad and others. Speaking on the occasion, the DACRI director said it would take around 200 years to translate and print all the books that were at the research centre.

Meanwhile, the residents of Nadigudi expressed happiness over their village housing the research centre. The two-day meeting of the Telangana History Congress too began at the newly-inaugurated research centre on Saturday. As many as 10 books were released during the meeting.

https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/Jan/19/150-year-old-fort-at-telanganas-nadigudi-springs-back-to-life-as-research-centre-2091508.html

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Kailash Fort

Kailash Fort is just 160 km from Hyderabad on the Hyderabad-Sangareddy-Nanded road but hardly anyone knows about the 9th century fort constructed by Rashtrakutas. The fort has wells, temples, dargahs, cannons and godowns. 

1857-58 AD :  Raja Kunwar Deep Singh Gaur

The fort has a rich history and rose to prominence in 1857-58, Raja Kunwar Deep Singh Gaur trained troops inside the fort and was later poisoned for three years.

Col A K Singh, the 10th generation scion of the Gaur Rajputs is now fighting a lone battle to save the fort from crumbling. He says, “The fort is unique in many ways, it has the longest cannon in Telangana, has 52 bastions and the fort is oval shaped and is approximately 1500 mtrs long and 1000 metres wide.

It has the potential to become a major tourist attraction only if the government is willing.” Neglected and forsaken, the fort is surrounded by three water bodies and two temples; Balaji mandir and Ram and Hanuman mandir. “The 1000 year old Balaji mandir and the longest cannon can be major attractions.

The fort can be developed as an eco-tourist spot as there is jungle area, ample provision for trekking and enough flora and fauna, avers Jaswant Singh, a resident of Toopran.

https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2015-06-06/A-unique-fort-lies-neglected/155708

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Nandi Vaddeman

Nandi Vaddeman formerly known as Vardhamaanapuram is a village in Bijinepally mandal, Nagarkurnool district, Telangana State, India.

Gona Buddha Reddy (author of Ranganatha Ramayanam), Gannaredddy and Vittala Reddy, ruled from Vardhamanapuram as the subordinate chiefs of the Kakatiyas in 12th and 13th centuries AD.

Vaddavani-500 or Vaddemana-500 may be modern Nandi Vaddeman, formerly known as Vardhamaanapuram and Kodur in Nagarkurnool district is part of Kandurnadu for sometime.

Haihaya Chiefs

1033 AD - 1042 AD : Kanduru Anemarasa or Anemarasa I or Yanemarasa I

Ayyarasa of Haihaya family was ruling Kandurnadu under Somesvara I.

1047 AD - 1049 AD : Sankarasa
25th August, 1048 AD : Malleswaram, Kollapur
Introduces a new subordinate chief named Sankarasar who was a crest jewel of the Chaluky family, who bears a string of epithets such as Bhupakandarpa, vairi kula kala sarpam, sangram viram, Raja marthandam, Kshatra pavitram, Ganda trinetram, Udara narayanam and Chakra kuta dharavar sa pura dahana, etc. which are almost similar to those met with in the inscriptions of Bijjarasa and Kanduru Anemarasar. The record further states that the above chief, on the auspicious occasion of pavitra arohana, made a gift of land 13 marttars in the village of Kulakuliya in Vaddemana-500, to the pontiff Chidisvara pandita of Agastheswara. The record was composed by Bijjaya who performed pattala karena and sandhvigrahi.

1050 AD - 1052 AD : Kumara Vijayaaditya I younger son of Somesvara I
1051 AD : As per Mallesvaram in the Kollapur Inscription Saka 973, Vijayaaditya I younger son of Somesvara I (1042 - 1068 AD) ruling Kandurnadu

Vardhamanapura Cholas or Chodas
1104 AD - 1157 AD : Bhimachoda III
Bhimachoda III was ruling with Vardhamanapura as his capital. Current Nandi Vaddeman in Nagar Kurnool District.

Thus, Kakatiya Rudradeva launched an expedition against Telugu Choda chiefs between 1157 and 1162. In this expedition rudradeva attacked Vardhamanapuram and drove Bhimachoda III along with his followers to forest.

Gona Chiefs

1190 AD - 1217 AD : Gona Buddha reddi I Gona Budda Reddy 

ruled a kingdom from Vardhamaanapuram (currently known as Nandi Vaddemaan) in NagarKurnool 

1219 AD - 1230 AD: Gona Ganapayya or Vithala son of Gona Buddha reddi I
1219 AD : Nagadevapalli, Nagarkurnool. This inscription is on a slab laying in front of Hanuman Temple. Very much damaged. It mentions the chief Gona Ganapayya who made a grant for the merit of his over lord Kakatiya 
Ganapatideva and his father Buddireddi, who is described as Eruva gonga, Kodvaluri puravaradhisvara and vitaranotsaha.

Malyala Chiefs

Budapuram, Vardamana Puram are the centres for Malyala Kings who were the Feudatories of Kakatiyas. 1245 AD - 1276 AD: Malyala Gunda Senani son of Bachavarudhini
Capital : Budapura, Vardhamanpura
Wife : Kuppambika (younger sister of Gona Ganna Reddy)
General of Ganapatideva, Rudramdevi

Atmakur Amarchinta Samsthanam

1278 AD - 1350 AD : Chinna Gopi Reddy I
Gopal Reddy’s sons Pedda Gopi Reddy and Chinna Gopi Reddy further established their supremacy in this region. They were also bestowed with several other villages in Amarachinta, Waddeman, Utkur and Kodechurparaganas by Gona Kata Reddy, the sons of Gona Buddha Reddy. Their position had increased from Nadagoud to Sarnadagoud.

1653 AD - 1675 AD : Emmedi Gopi Reddy II

Contemporary of Abdullah Qutub Shah (1626 to 1672) who acknowledged his help in the war.

1675 AD - 1680 AD : Sarva Reddy

1680 AD - 1687 AD : Chinna Reddy

Heritage Structures
Nature and Indian Culture Foundation (NICF) in association with Pleach India Foundation (PIF) cleaned up 12th century heritage structures at Nandivaddeman village in Bijinepalli mandal in Nagarkurnool district on Sunday on the eve of World Tourism Day in tune with this year’s theme ‘Inclusive Tourism Development’.

Dr. E. Sivanagireddy-Sthapati, archaeologist and PIF CEO and Patnam Krishnamraju, president, NICF, cleared vegetation around five temples – Bhadrakali Temple located amidst paddy fields without any access, triple shrines locally known as Trimurti temples abutting huge mud fort wall and Nandiswara temple where a huge bull sculpture carved out of black granite stone exists, located two km from the village.

The vegetation was cleared as part of the awareness programme called ‘Preserve Heritage for Posterity’. Nearly 30 activists from NICF Trust and 10 volunteers from PIF and 10 locals led by Vanga Sudarshan Goud and Sarpanch Nandivaddeman laboured the entire day and made the much neglected monuments presentable to local visitors and tourists.

Nandi Vaddeman Nandeeswara Saneeswara Swamy Temple

https://telanganatoday.com/heritage-structures-in-nagarkurnool-get-makeover

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Gunjala Waterfalls

Gunjala Waterfalls is a seasonal waterfall located near Gunjala village, Bheempur Mandal, Adilabad district, Telangana State, India. 

It is on a rainfed Gunjala vagu which joins Penganga river.

Certain seasonal waterfalls (July to September) that live for a short time during the monsoon have come alive. Thanks to the torrential rains. For instance, scenic Darloddi waterfall, a series of five waterfalls in Khandal village, another at Lohara in Adilabad Rural mandal, Gunjala waterfall in Tamsi mandal, Peddagundam in Echoda mandal of Adilabad district are attracting nature lovers 

It is 21 kms from Adilabad via Ghotkuri to bheempur very first right from bheempur to Gunjala village & the waterfalls is just 3 kms from bheempur.

Time to Visit : July to September

How to reach

Umram railway station is the nearest railway station to Gunjala Waterfalls. It is nearly 9.39 kilometers away from it.

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Rangapur Hazrath Niranjan Shah Wali Dargah

Rangapur Hazrath Niranjan Shah Wali Dargah is located in Rangapur village, Achampet Mandal, Nagarkurnool district, Telangana State, India

A Dargah is an important and sacred shrine in Islamic culture and spirituality. Typically, it is associated with the final resting place of a revered Sufi saint.

People from different religious faiths visit the holy on the occasion of the annual Urs festival every year on 17th January.

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Maddimadugu Sri Pabbathi Anjaneya Swami Temple

Maddimadugu Sri Pabbathi Anjaneya Swami Temple is located in Maddimadugu village, Padara Mandal, Nagarkurnool district, Telangana State, India is afamous and well known temple in the state and fastest growing holistic pilgrimage temple in Nagarkurnool district.

This temple is located in deep Nallamala forests of Amarabad Reserved tigers forest beside Krishna river (9 km away from river).  Pilgrims visiting  Srisailam also visit this temple.

A large number of pilgrims visit the temple throughout the year, particularly on weekends, Monday and Tuesday on festivals from all over the districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.

July 24, 2022 : Telangana: Endowments wing seeks tiger reserve land for temple choultries, marriage hall in Nallamala.

There is no accommodation near temple.

Timings : 6 AM to 1 PM and 3 PM to 9 PM

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Telangana Railways

Telangana Railway is part of South Central division of Indian Railways. The South Central Railway (abbreviated SCR) is one of the 17 zones of Indian Railways consists of 6 divisions Guntakal, Guntur, Vijayawada (Andhrapradesh), Nanded (Maharashtra), Hyderabad and Secunderabad (Telangana).

South Central Railway serves the entire state of Telangana, major portion of Andhra Pradesh and considerable portion of Karnataka, Maharastra states and small parts of Tamilnadu and Madhya Pradesh.

Oct 2, 1966 : South Central Railway was formed on Oct 2 1966 when Hubli and Vijayawada Divisions of Southern Railway and Sholapur and Secunderabad Divisions of Central Railway were carved out and merged into a new Zone. Subsequently, Guntakal Division of Southern Railway was merged with South Central Railway on Oct 2, 1977 and Sholapur Division was remerged with Central Railway. 

Secunderabad division was formed on October 1, 1966. Secunderabad Division was split into two Divisions viz. Secunderabad and Hyderabad on Feb 17, 1978 Following re-organisation of zones and Divisions with effect from April 1, 2003, two new Divisions viz., Guntur and Nanded were operationalized duly transferring Hubli Division to newly formed South Western Railway.

There are 212 railway stations in Telangana. The 5 main Telangana railway stations are Secunderabad Junction, Hyderabad Deccan, Kacheguda, Warangal, Kazipet Junction.

Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway (NGSR) was a railway company operating in India from 1879 to 1950. 

October 9, 1874 : Secunderabad Railway Station, which was built in the year 1874, experienced the fun of the first train in 1876 October when the commission of Wadi-Secunderabad line was passed.

The construction of the Secunderabad station was proposed in the year 1870. Then Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Mehboob Ali Khan Siddiqui gave his nod for the project aimed to connect the Hyderabad state with the rest of India through railways. The construction of the Secunderabad-Wadi line and the Secunderabad railway station was completed on October 9, 1874, introducing railways to Hyderabad.

1907 : The Hyderabad Railway Station was also known as Nampally. 
The Hyderabad Deccan Railway Station, popularly known as Nampally Railway Station, was built in 1907 by Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII, the last Nizam of Hyderabad.

1980 : Electrification on SCR started with the electrification of Vijayawada - Gudur section in 1980.

South Central Railway(Telangana)

1. Adilabad
2. Bhongir
3. Chevella
4. Hyderabad
5. Karimnagar
6. Khammam
7. Mahabubabad
8. Mahbubnagar
9. Malkajgiri
10. Medak
11. Nagarkurnool
12. Nalgonda
13. Nizamabad
14. Peddapalle
15. Secunderabad
16. Warangal
17. Zahirabad

Indian Railways founded on 12 September 1837 with Headquarters Rail Bhawan, New Delhi, India

1837 AD : The first steam operated railway operated in 1837 in Madras

In 1832, the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at Madras was made. In 1835, a railway track was constructed between Red Hills and Chintadripet in Madras and became operational in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam engine imported from England and was used for ferrying granite
 

The Madras Railway was established in 1845 and the Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated in 1849

16th April 1853 : The first passenger train ran between Bori Bunder (Bombay) and Thane in 16th April 1853, a distance of 34 km. It was operated by three locomotives, named Sahib, Sultan and Sindh, and had thirteen carriages.

In 1925, the first electric train ran in Bombay on DC traction. The first locomotive manufacturing unit was commissioned in 1950 at Chittaranjan with the first coach manufacturing unit set-up at Madras in 1955.

1. Central Railway Mumbai
1) Mumbai
2) Nagpur
3) Bhusawal
4) Pune
5) Sholapur

2. Eastern Railway Kolkata

1) Howrah-I
2) Howrah-II
3) Sealdah
4) Malda
5) Asansol
6) Chitaranjan
7) Kolkata Metro

3. East Central Railway Hajipur
1) Danapur
2) Mugalsarai
3) Dhanbad
4) Sonpur
5) Samastipur 

4. East Coast Railway Bhubaneshwar
1) Khurda Road
2) Waltair
3) Sambhalpur 

5. Northern Railway Baroda House, New Delhi
1) Delhi-I
2) Delhi-II
3) Ambala
4) Moradabad
5) Lucknow
6) Firozpur 

6. North Central Railway Allahabad
1) Allahabad
2) Jhansi
3) Agra 

7. North Eastern Railway Gorakhpur
1) Izzatnagar
2) Lucknow
3) Varanasi
4) DLW

8. North Frontier Railway Maligaon, Guwahati
1) Katihar
2) Alipurduar
3) Rangiya
4) Lumding
5) Tinsukhia 

9. North Western Railway Jaipur
1) Jaipur
2) Jodhpur
3) Bikaner
4) Ajmer 

10. Southern Railway Chennai
1) Chennai
2) Madurai
3) Palghat
4) Trichy
5) Trivendrum 

11. South Central Railway Secunderabad
1) Secunderabad
2) Hyderabad
3) Guntakal
4) Vijaywada
5) Nanded 

12. South Eastern Railway Garden Reach, Kolkata
1) Kharagpur
2) Adra
3) Chakradharpur
4) Ranchi
5) Shalimar 

13. South East Central Railway Bilaspur
1) Bilaspur
2) Nagpur
3) Raipur 

14. South Western Railway Hubli
1) Bangalore
2) Mysore
3) Hubli
4) RWF/YNK 

15. Western Railway Churchgate
1) BCT
2) Vadodara
3) Ahemdabad
4) Ratlam
5) Rajkot
6) Bhavnagar 

16. West Central Railway Jabalpur
1) Jabalpur
2) Bhopal
3) Kota

01 SC Secunderabad Junction Secunderabad
02 KCG Kacheguda Kacheguda
03 HYB Hyderabad Deccan Hyderabad Deccan
04 WL Warangal Warangal
05 KZJ Kazipet Junction Kazipet
06 KMT Khammam Khammam
07 NZB Nizamabad Junction Nizamabad
08 LPI Lingampalli Lingampalli
09 RDM Ramagundam Ramagundam
10 MCI Manchiryal Mancheral
11 VKB Vikarabad Junction Vikarabad
12 BMT Begumpet Begampet
13 MABD Mahbubabad Mahbubabad
14 TDU Tandur Tandur
15 BSX Basar Basar
16 BDCR Bhadrachalam Road Bhadrachalam Road
17 SKZR Sirpur Kaghaznagar Sirpur Kagaznagar
18 NLDA Nalgonda Nalgonda
19 MBNR Mahbubnagar Mahbubnagar
20 MRGA Miryalaguda Miryalaguda
21 KMC Kamareddi Kamareddi
22 BPA Bellampalli Belampalli
23 GWD Gadwal Junction Gadwal
24 MJF Malkajgiri Junction Secunderabad
25 ZN Jangaon Jangaon
26 MDR Madhira Madhira
27 PDPL Peddapalli Junction Peddapalli
28 DKJ Dornakal Junction Dornakal
29 JMKT Jammikunta Jammikunta
30 ZB Zahirabad Zahirabad
31 KDM Kesamudram Kesamudram
32 BG Bhongir Bhongir
33 SHNR Shadnagar Shadnagar
34 JCL Jadcherla Jadcherla
35 ALER Aler Aler
36 SKP Shankarpalli Shankarpalli
37 KSN Krishna Krishna
38 MLY Moula Ali Moula Ali
39 MED Medchal Medchal
40 GNP Ghanpur Ghanpur
41 CHZ Charlapalli Secunderabad
42 ADB Adilabad Adilabad
43 BMO Bolarum Bolarum
44 VNUP Vishnupuram Vishnupuram
45 SRNR Sriramnagar Sriramnagar
46 NKD Nekonda Nekonda
47 AKE Akanapet Akanapet
48 MZL Mirzapalli Mirzapali
49 SNF Sanathnagar Sanathnagar
50 WPR Wanaparti Road Wanparti Road
51 UR Umdanagar Hyderabad
52 BN Bibinagar Bibinagar
53 RVKH Ravindrakhani Ramakrishnapur
54 WDR Wadiaram Wadiaram
55 YP Errupalem Errupalem
56 OEA Odela Odela
57 OPL Uppal Uppal
58 SBBJ Sri Bala Brahmeswara Jogulamba Halt Sri Balabrahmeswara Jogulamba
59 FM Falaknuma Hyderabad
60 CTYL Chityala Chityala
61 KOLR Kolanoor Kolnur
62 MMZ Mandamari Mandamari
63 TMX Timmapur Timmapur
64 RECH Rechni Road Rechni Road
65 NAW Nawandgi Nawandgi
66 ASAF Asifabad Road Rebbena
67 BKL Bona Kalu Bona Kalu
68 GLA Garla Garla
69 PTKP Potkapalli Potkapalli
70 RGP Raghunathpalli Raghunathpalli
71 MXT Malakpet Hyderabad
72 BDVL Budvel Hyderabad
73 HSP Hasanparthi Road Hasanparthi Road
74 GT Ghatkesar Ghatkesar
75 PBP Pembarti Pembarti
76 SRUR Sirpur Town Sirpur
77 PPZ Peddampet Peddempet
78 BGSF Bisugirsharif Bisugirsharif
79 PQL Pindial Pindlai
80 KYOP Kottapalli Kottapalli
81 KOHR Kohir Deccan Kohir Deccan
82 RGPM Raghavapuram Raghavapuram
83 RAG Raigir Raigir
84 HBLN HBL Nagar HBL Nagar
85 MUGR Manuguru Manuguru
86 RMNP Ramannapet Ramannapet
87 GWV Gowdavalli Gowdavalli
88 STPD Sitafal Mandi Sitafal Mandi
89 BTPD Bethampudi Bethampurdi
90 LPJL Lingampet - Jagityal
91 KRA Karepalli Karepalli
92 CMW Chimalpahad Chimapahad
93 MTPI Metpally
94 TPY Tadakalpudi Tadakalpudi
95 GHPU Gandhipuram Halt Gandhipuram
96 NRDP Nagireddipalli Nagireddipalli
97 PCZ Pocharam Pocharam
98 KRLA Korutla
99 ARMU Armur
100 NVT Navipet Navipet
101 KDGL Kondrapole Halt Kondrapole
102 CTF Chitgidda Chitgidda
103 BABR Balanagar Balanagar
104 GUU Gundratimadugu Gundratimadugu
105 SCP Sirnapalli Sirnapalli
106 PNDP Pandillapalli Pandillapalli
107 NPML Mallial Nukapalli
108 PUDR Podur
109 DBV Dabilpur Dabilpur
110 SFX Safilguda Secunderabad
111 LGDH Lalaguda Gate Secunderabad
112 PGP Pandurangapuram Panduranga Pura
113 DYE Dayanand Nagar Secunderabad
114 SKNR Shakar Nagar Shakar Nagar
115 VLG Valigonda Vanigonda
116 CKN Chinta Kani Chinta Kani
117 SSPD Sadashivapet Road Sadashivapet Road
118 CVB Cavalry Barracks Cavalrybarrcks
119 PPY Papatapalli Papatapalli
120 MHBT Mahbubnagar Town Halt Mahbub Nagar
121 MRKL Marikal
122 KOTT Kottur Kottur
123 MRTD Morthad
124 ARPL Arepalli Halt Arepalli
125 YNG Yenugonda Yenugonda
126 ALPR Alampur Road Alampur
127 BDHN Bodhan Bodhan
128 SHAN Srinivasa Nagar Srinivasa Nagar
129 MDPJ Madanapur Halt Madanapur
130 JKM Jankampet Junction Jankampet
131 KQQ Kaukuntla Kaukuntla
132 AWM Aswapuram Aswapuram
133 GDPL Gundla Pochampally G Pochampalli
134 NPL Nagalapalli Nagalapalle
135 ATC Arts College Secunderabad
136 DQR Dabirpura Dabirpura
137 KZJE Kazipet E Cabin Kazipet E
138 KZJF Kazipet F Cabin Kazipet F
139 THPR Tippapur Tippapur
140 TMD Talmadla Talmadla
141 IKI Itikyala Itikyal
142 KONN Konnur Konnur
143 MOB Manoharabad Manoharabad
144 MLMG Mallemadugu Mallemadugu
145 MIDP Mamidipalli
146 ME Masaipet Masaipet
147 NSVP NPA Shivram Pally Npa Shivarampally
148 GDRA Gangadhara
149 GLY Gollapalli Gollapally
150 NVC Nagalwancha Nagalwancha
151 CLE Chintalpalli Chintalpalli
152 VAR Vidya Nagar Vidyanagar
153 MRF Marpalli Marpalli
154 YKA Yakutpura Yakutpura Kcg
155 AJK Ajjakolu Ajakollu
156 DTP Divitipalli Diviti Palli
157 TLMG Talmadugu Talmadugu
158 INK Intakanne Intakanne
159 KTKA Kotakadra Kotakadra
160 GLE Gajulagudem Gajulaguden
161 TNGM Tondalagopavaram Tondalagopavaram
162 MQN Manyamkonda Manyamkonda
163 HPG Huppuguda Huppuguda
164 YDP Yedapalli Yedapalli
165 MDAK Medak Medak
166 MOA Manopad Manopad
167 JOO Jamai Osmania Hyderabad
168 DHP Dichpalli Dichpalli
169 RJAP Rajapur Rajapur
170 MVH Mantatti Mantatti
171 TPPI Tipparthi Tipparthi
172 SNPH Shankapur Halt Shankapur
173 RMY Rukmapur Rukmapur
174 DKUR Dokur Dokur
175 DKC Devarkadra Junction Devarkadre
176 JKAR Jaklair
177 KQD Khairatabad Khairatabad Dcn
178 PDNA Peddadinne Peddadinne
179 PDO Poodoor Puduru
180 KPHI Kothapalli
181 AMQ Ammuguda Secunderabad
182 FKB Fakhrabad Fakhrabad
183 HFZ Hafizpet Hyderabad
184 BKU Bhiknur Bhiknur
185 SMAP Shamnapur Medak
186 LSMP Lakshmapur Medak
187 STDB Sitafalmandi B Cabin Sitafalmandi B
188 MTMI Motumari Junction Motimari
189 DRR Dharur Dharur
190 GDQ Godamgura Godamgura
191 MTV Matalkunta Matalkunta
192 RPK Ravulapalli Kalan Ravalpalli Kala
193 MWY Mailaram Mailaram
194 RRGA Ranga Reddy Guda Rangareddy Guda
195 SRMR Shrirampuram Shrirampuram
196 YADD Yadadri Raigir
197 GGD Gullaguda Gullaguda
198 JNPD Janpahad Janpahad
199 WP Wangapalli Wangapalli
200 TAA Tadla Pusapalli Tadla Pusapalli
201 UPW Uppalavai Uppalavai
202 UMM Umram Umram
203 PJPR Priyadarshini Jurala Project Road
204 PASR Panduranga Swamy Road
205 BRGL Burgula Burgula
206 IDL Indalvai Indalvai
207 YGL Yelgur Yelgur
208 RKO Ramakistapuram Gate Rmkrshnaprmgte
209 KXI Kurumurthi Kurumurthi
210 BMPL Brahmanapalli Brahmanpalli
211 BOZ Bolarum Bazar Secunderabad
212 ALW Alwal Secunderabad

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St Joseph’s Cathedral

St Joseph’s Cathedral is situated in the municipal town of Adilabad, Telanaga State, India is a world-famous church. Noted as the best cathedral church in the entire state, St. Joseph Church is visited by many locals and foreign tourists as well.

St Joseph’s church is also a very popular tourist destination and people of all religions throng to the church especially on Sundays during the time of Mass. Inside the church prevails a peaceful and meditative atmosphere that makes you feel truly at one with God. A lot many people have confessed to feeling divine intervention to their problems when they come to pray at the church. Outside the church are sprawling green gardens that add an ethereal quality to the atmosphere in the church. You can find many people sitting in the lawns and meditating or reading the Bible. Many tourists also like to spend some quality time at the church despite their hectic schedule because of the tranquility that prevails in the church.

https://www.nativeplanet.com/adilabad/attractions/st-joseph-s-cathedral/#overview

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Yamanapalli or Vemanpalli Dinosaur Fossil

Yamanapalli Dinosaur Fossil of Kotasaurus Yamanpalliensis, 16-foot-high (over 5 metres in height) and 14 metres in length from Jurassic age, dating back to about 160 million years was found during an excavation by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) in Yamanapalli region of Mancherial District, Telangana State, India.

Fossils of dinosaur bone fragments, tortoise and animal foot prints also found at this site in Yamanapalli, also known as Vemanapalli, is located in Godavari Pranhita valley of Mancherial district in Telangana. 

The fossils have been found in an eight-km radius of Pranhita river valley.

A composite skeleton of a dinosaur – Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis Yadagiri (named after Yamanapalli village and scientist Yadagiri) – was installed at the Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad. An articulated skeleton of a Rhynchosaur with the skull and other bone elements that was discovered in the Triassic rocks of the P-G Valley was also put up at the museum

Negligent Telangana government has no plans for a fossil park
While a fossil eco-park is being developed with fossils of trees, fish, leaves and animals from the Permian, Triassic and Jurassic ages in Sironcha, Maharashtra, Telangana state forest department has neglected the Kataram-Mahadevpur-Yamanapalli site despite a number of fossils found in the Pranahita-Godavari valley of the same area. Scientists from the Geological Survey of India had earlier excavated fossils of dinosaurs and other animals and plants, and had placed them in their museum at GSI Southern Region headquarters at Bandlaguda, and another dinosaur fossil at the Birla Science Centre, both in Hyderabad.

Despite the Pranahita Godavari Valley having a huge potential, no further excavation work has been taken. A composite skeleton of a dinosaur – Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis Yadagiri (named after Yamanapalli village and scientist Yadagiri) – was installed at the Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad. An articulated skeleton of a Rhynchosaur with the skull and other bone elements that was discovered in the Triassic rocks of the P-G Valley was also put up at the museum.

According to scientists, apart from dinosaurs, fossils of other reptiles, fish and micromammals were available at the site. “Plant fossils and charaphytes are also known to be found from the Kota Formation. Fieldwork was carried out in Jakkepalli, Lingala and Metpalli areas of Adilabad,” said a scientist. The fossil of a dinosaur – Barapasaurus tagorii – has been discovered by scientists of ISI, Kolkata, from the site near Sironcha on the eastern side of the Pranahita.

Paleo park
Fossils were exposed due to floods in the recent past. The tree fossils were of coniferous species going by the outer layer of the bark. “The tree fossils are darkening/blackening, possibly due to some fungal or biotic attack or exposure to the elements. The dinosaurs eggs were found in the area and partially buried in loose sand and mud, suggesting that they were washed up. The flooding that exposed the fossils is the likely reason why the dinosaur eggs had washed away from their paleo nests. Further investigations with expert digging would provide a wealth of information regarding the paleobotany and paleozoology. A portion of the area should be turned into a paleo park where the finds can be displayed to the people.

https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/281016/negligent-telangana-has-no-plans-for-a-fossil-park.html

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